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authorjohannst <johannst@users.noreply.github.com>2020-04-28 09:11:18 +0000
committerjohannst <johannst@users.noreply.github.com>2020-04-28 09:11:18 +0000
commit15230bbb9b1f69def9b0e1b41a097638c0fda734 (patch)
tree2b490b2f0b8d6f3eab0af91c7ba5cc557b540af6 /development
parentce1a0eaa58f7ad07c5389996a90c4b02bdf573fc (diff)
downloadnotes-15230bbb9b1f69def9b0e1b41a097638c0fda734.tar.gz
notes-15230bbb9b1f69def9b0e1b41a097638c0fda734.zip
deploy: fef4d6ff2ad9f48e6dccde0f061453e6a3ac624e
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-rw-r--r--development/c++filt.html227
-rw-r--r--development/gcc.html269
-rw-r--r--development/glibc.html249
-rw-r--r--development/index.html220
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diff --git a/development/c++.html b/development/c++.html
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+<h2><a class="header" href="#type-deduction" id="type-deduction">Type deduction</a></h2>
+<p>Force compile error to see what <code>auto</code> is deduced to.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-cpp">auto foo = bar();
+
+// force compile error
+typename decltype(foo)::_;
+</code></pre>
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diff --git a/development/c++filt.html b/development/c++filt.html
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
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+ <main>
+ <h1><a class="header" href="#cfilt1" id="cfilt1">c++filt(1)</a></h1>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#demangle-symbol" id="demangle-symbol">Demangle symbol</a></h2>
+<pre><code class="language-markdown"> c++-filt &lt;symbol_str&gt;
+</code></pre>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#demangle-stream" id="demangle-stream">Demangle stream</a></h2>
+<p>For example dynamic symbol table:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-markdown"> readelf -W --dyn-syms &lt;elf&gt; | c++filt
+</code></pre>
+
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+ <h1><a class="header" href="#gcc1" id="gcc1">gcc(1)</a></h1>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#cli" id="cli">CLI</a></h2>
+<h3><a class="header" href="#preprocessing" id="preprocessing">Preprocessing</a></h3>
+<p>While debugging can be helpful to just pre-process files.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-bash">gcc -E [-dM] ...
+</code></pre>
+<ul>
+<li><code>-E</code> run only preprocessor</li>
+<li><code>-dM</code> list only <code>#define</code> statements</li>
+</ul>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#a-hrefhttpsgccgnuorgonlinedocsgccother-builtinshtmlbuiltinsa" id="a-hrefhttpsgccgnuorgonlinedocsgccother-builtinshtmlbuiltinsa"><a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html">Builtins</a></a></h2>
+<h3><a class="header" href="#__builtin_expectexpr-cond" id="__builtin_expectexpr-cond"><code>__builtin_expect(expr, cond)</code></a></h3>
+<p>Give the compiler a hint which branch is hot, so it can lay out the code
+accordingly to reduce number of jump instructions.
+See on <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/MbTHAP">compiler explorer</a>.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-bash">echo &quot;
+extern void foo();
+extern void bar();
+void run0(int x) {
+ if (__builtin_expect(x,0)) { foo(); }
+ else { bar(); }
+}
+void run1(int x) {
+ if (__builtin_expect(x,1)) { foo(); }
+ else { bar(); }
+}
+&quot; | gcc -O2 -S -masm=intel -o /dev/stdout -xc -
+</code></pre>
+<p>Will generate something similar to the following.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>run0</code>: <code>bar</code> is on the path without branch</li>
+<li><code>run1</code>: <code>foo</code> is on the path without branch</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-c">run0:
+ test edi, edi
+ jne .L4
+ xor eax, eax
+ jmp bar
+.L4:
+ xor eax, eax
+ jmp foo
+run1:
+ test edi, edi
+ je .L6
+ xor eax, eax
+ jmp foo
+.L6:
+ xor eax, eax
+ jmp bar
+</code></pre>
+
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+ <h1><a class="header" href="#glibc" id="glibc">glibc</a></h1>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#malloc-tracer-a-hrefhttpman7orglinuxman-pagesman3mtrace3htmlmtrace3a" id="malloc-tracer-a-hrefhttpman7orglinuxman-pagesman3mtrace3htmlmtrace3a">malloc tracer <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/mtrace.3.html"><code>mtrace(3)</code></a></a></h2>
+<p>Trace memory allocation and de-allocation to detect memory leaks.
+Need to call <code>mtrace(3)</code> to install the tracing hooks.</p>
+<p>If we can't modify the binary to call <code>mtrace</code> we can create a small shared
+library and pre-load it.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-c">// libmtrace.c
+#include &lt;mcheck.h&gt;
+__attribute__((constructor)) static void init_mtrace() { mtrace(); }
+</code></pre>
+<p>Compile as:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-bash">gcc -shared -fPIC -o libmtrace.so libmtrace.c
+</code></pre>
+<p>To generate the trace file run:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-bash">export MALLOC_TRACE=&lt;file&gt;
+LD_PRELOAD=./libmtrace.so &lt;binary&gt;
+</code></pre>
+<p><strong>Note</strong>: If <code>MALLOC_TRACE</code> is not set <code>mtrace</code> won't install tracing hooks.</p>
+<p>To get the results of the trace file:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-bash">mtrace &lt;binary&gt; $MALLOC_TRACE
+</code></pre>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#malloc-check-a-hrefhttpman7orglinuxman-pagesman3mallopt3htmlmallopt3a" id="malloc-check-a-hrefhttpman7orglinuxman-pagesman3mallopt3htmlmallopt3a">malloc check <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/mallopt.3.html"><code>mallopt(3)</code></a></a></h2>
+<p>Configure action when glibc detects memory error.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-bash">export MALLOC_CHECK_=&lt;N&gt;
+</code></pre>
+<p>Useful values:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-markdown">1 print detailed error &amp; continue
+3 print detailed error + stack trace + memory mappings &amp; abort
+7 print simple error message + stack trace + memory mappings &amp; abort
+</code></pre>
+
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diff --git a/development/index.html b/development/index.html
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML>
+<html lang="en" class="sidebar-visible no-js light">
+ <head>
+ <!-- Book generated using mdBook -->
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+ <title>Development - Notes</title>
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+ <h1><a class="header" href="#ldso8" id="ldso8">ld.so(8)</a></h1>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#environment-variables" id="environment-variables">Environment Variables</a></h2>
+<pre><code class="language-console"> LD_PRELOAD=&lt;l_so&gt; colon separated list of libso's to be pre loaded
+ LD_DEBUG=&lt;opts&gt; comma separated list of debug options
+ =help list available options
+ =libs show library search path
+ =files processing of input files
+ =symbols show search path for symbol lookup
+ =bindings show against which definition a symbol is bound
+</code></pre>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#ld_preload-initialization-order-and-link-map" id="ld_preload-initialization-order-and-link-map">LD_PRELOAD: Initialization Order and Link Map</a></h2>
+<p>Libraries specified in <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> are loaded from <code>left-to-right</code> but
+initialized from <code>right-to-left</code>.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-markdown"> &gt; ldd ./main
+ &gt;&gt; libc.so.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libc.so.6
+
+ &gt; LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
+ --&gt;
+ preloaded in this order
+ &lt;--
+ initialized in this order
+</code></pre>
+<p>The preload order determines:</p>
+<ul>
+<li>the order libraries are inserted into the <code>link map</code></li>
+<li>the initialization order for libraries</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For the example listed above the resulting <code>link map</code> will look like the
+following:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
+ | main | -&gt; | liba | -&gt; | libb | -&gt; | libc |
+ +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
+</code></pre>
+<p>This can be seen when running with <code>LD_DEBUG=files</code>:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> &gt; LD_DEBUG=files LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
+ # load order (-&gt; determines link map)
+ &gt;&gt; file=liba.so [0]; generating link map
+ &gt;&gt; file=libb.so [0]; generating link map
+ &gt;&gt; file=libc.so.6 [0]; generating link map
+
+ # init order
+ &gt;&gt; calling init: /usr/lib/libc.so.6
+ &gt;&gt; calling init: &lt;path&gt;/libb.so
+ &gt;&gt; calling init: &lt;path&gt;/liba.so
+ &gt;&gt; initialize program: ./main
+</code></pre>
+<p>To verify the <code>link map</code> order we let <code>ld.so</code> resolve the <code>memcpy(3)</code> libc
+symbol (used in <em>main</em>) dynamically, while enabling <code>LD_DEBUG=symbols,bindings</code>
+to see the resolving in action.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> &gt; LD_DEBUG=symbols,bindings LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
+ &gt;&gt; symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=./main [0]
+ &gt;&gt; symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=&lt;path&gt;/liba.so [0]
+ &gt;&gt; symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=&lt;path&gt;/libb.so [0]
+ &gt;&gt; symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=/usr/lib/libc.so.6 [0]
+ &gt;&gt; binding file ./main [0] to /usr/lib/libc.so.6 [0]: normal symbol `memcpy' [GLIBC_2.14]
+</code></pre>
+<h2><a class="header" href="#dynamic-linking-x86_64" id="dynamic-linking-x86_64">Dynamic Linking (x86_64)</a></h2>
+<p>Dynamic linking basically works via one indirect jump. It uses a combination of
+function trampolines (<code>.plt</code> section) and a function pointer table (<code>.got.plt</code>
+section).
+On the first call the trampoline sets up some metadata and then jumps to the
+<code>ld.so</code> runtime resolve function, which in turn patches the table with the
+correct function pointer.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> .plt ....... procedure linkage table, contains function trampolines, usually
+ located in code segment (rx permission)
+ .got.plt ... global offset table for .plt, holds the function pointer table
+</code></pre>
+<p>Using <code>radare2</code> we can analyze this in more detail:</p>
+<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> [0x00401040]&gt; pd 4 @ section..got.plt
+ ;-- section..got.plt:
+ ;-- .got.plt: ; [22] -rw- section size 32 named .got.plt
+ ;-- _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_:
+ [0] 0x00404000 .qword 0x0000000000403e10 ; section..dynamic
+ [1] 0x00404008 .qword 0x0000000000000000
+ ; CODE XREF from section..plt @ +0x6
+ [2] 0x00404010 .qword 0x0000000000000000
+ ;-- reloc.puts:
+ ; CODE XREF from sym.imp.puts @ 0x401030
+ [3] 0x00404018 .qword 0x0000000000401036 ; RELOC 64 puts
+
+ [0x00401040]&gt; pd 6 @ section..plt
+ ;-- section..plt:
+ ;-- .plt: ; [12] -r-x section size 32 named .plt
+ ┌─&gt; 0x00401020 ff35e22f0000 push qword [0x00404008]
+ ╎ 0x00401026 ff25e42f0000 jmp qword [0x00404010]
+ ╎ 0x0040102c 0f1f4000 nop dword [rax]
+ ┌ 6: int sym.imp.puts (const char *s);
+ └ ╎ 0x00401030 ff25e22f0000 jmp qword [reloc.puts]
+ ╎ 0x00401036 6800000000 push 0
+ └─&lt; 0x0040103b e9e0ffffff jmp sym..plt
+</code></pre>
+<ul>
+<li>At address <code>0x00401030</code> in the <code>.plt</code> section we see the indirect jump for
+<code>puts</code> using the function pointer in <code>_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_[3] (GOT)</code>.</li>
+<li><code>GOT[3]</code> initially points to instruction after the <code>puts</code> trampoline
+<code>0x00401036</code>.</li>
+<li>This pushes the relocation index <code>0</code> and then jumps to the first trampoline
+<code>0x00401020</code>.</li>
+<li>The first trampoline jumps to <code>GOT[2]</code> which will be filled at program
+startup by the <code>ld.so</code> with its resolve function.</li>
+<li>The <code>ld.so</code> resolve function fixes the relocation referenced by the
+relocation index pushed by the <code>puts</code> trampoline.</li>
+<li>The relocation entry at index <code>0</code> tells the resolve function which symbol to
+search for and where to put the function pointer:
+<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> &gt; readelf -r &lt;main&gt;
+ &gt;&gt; Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0x4b8 contains 1 entry:
+ &gt;&gt; Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
+ &gt;&gt; 000000404018 000200000007 R_X86_64_JUMP_SLO 0000000000000000 puts@GLIBC_2.2.5 + 0
+</code></pre>
+As we can see the offset from relocation at index <code>0</code> points to <code>GOT[3]</code>.</li>
+</ul>
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