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-                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> gdbserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> dot</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> time</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> python</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
+                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> gdbserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> dot</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> time</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> python</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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             <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"></div>
         </nav>
@@ -2641,6 +2641,8 @@ gcc -march=native -Q --help=target
 <p>Give the compiler a hint which branch is hot, so it can lay out the code
 accordingly to reduce number of jump instructions.
 See on <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/MbTHAP">compiler explorer</a>.</p>
+<p>The semantics of this hint are as follows, the compiler prioritises <code>expr == cond</code>. So <code>__builtin_expect(expr, 0)</code> means that we expect the <code>expr</code> to be <code>0</code>
+most of the time.</p>
 <pre><code class="language-bash">echo &quot;
 extern void foo();
 extern void bar();
@@ -3189,6 +3191,7 @@ def sum(a: int, b: int) -&gt; int:
 <li><a href="linux/./systemd.html">systemd</a></li>
 <li><a href="linux/./coredump.html">coredump</a></li>
 <li><a href="linux/./ptrace_scope.html">ptrace_scope</a></li>
+<li><a href="linux/./cryptsetup.html">cryptsetup</a></li>
 </ul>
 <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="systemd"><a class="header" href="#systemd">systemd</a></h1>
 <h2 id="systemctl"><a class="header" href="#systemctl">systemctl</a></h2>
@@ -3337,6 +3340,78 @@ coredumpctl dump 6363 -o &lt;file&gt;
     3 =&gt; No tracing allowed.
 </code></pre>
 <p>Further details in <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/ptrace.2.html"><code>ptrace(2)</code></a>.</p>
+<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="cryptsetup8"><a class="header" href="#cryptsetup8"><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/cryptsetup.8.html">cryptsetup(8)</a></a></h1>
+<pre><code class="language-text">cryptsetup &lt;action&gt; [opts] &lt;action args&gt;
+
+action:
+    open &lt;dev&gt; &lt;name&gt; --type &lt;type&gt;    Open (decrypt) &lt;dev&gt; and map with &lt;name&gt;.
+                                       Mapped as /dev/mapper/&lt;name&gt;.
+                                       Type: {luks,plain,tcrypt,bitlk}
+    close &lt;name&gt;                       Close existing mapping &lt;name&gt;.
+    status &lt;name&gt;                      Print status for mapping &lt;name&gt;.
+
+    luksFormat &lt;dev&gt;                   Create new LUKS partition and set initial passphrase.
+                                       (Keyslot 0)
+    luksAddKey &lt;dev&gt;                   Add a new passphrase.
+    luksRemoveKey &lt;dev&gt;                Remove existing passphrase.
+    luksChangeKey &lt;dev&gt;                Change existing passphrase.
+    lusDump &lt;dev&gt;                      Dump LUKS header for device.
+</code></pre>
+<h2 id="example-create-luks-encrypted-disk"><a class="header" href="#example-create-luks-encrypted-disk">Example: Create <code>LUKS</code> encrypted disk.</a></h2>
+<p>For this example we use a file as backing storage and set it up as
+<a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man4/loop.4.html">loop(4)</a> device. The loop device can be replaced by any block
+device file.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Optional: Overwrite existing data on disk.<br />
+<code>sudo dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdX bs=1M</code></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>First create the backing file and setup the loop device.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh"># Create 100MB file.
+dd if=/dev/zero of=blkfile bs=1M count=100
+
+# Attach file to first free (-f) loop device
+sudo losetup -f ./blkfile
+# List loop devices.
+sudo losetup -l
+# NAME       SIZELIMIT OFFSET AUTOCLEAR RO BACK-FILE              DIO LOG-SEC
+# /dev/loop0         0      0         0  0 /home/johannst/blkfile   0     512
+</code></pre>
+<p>Create a new LUKS partition and format new filesystem.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh"># Initialize LUKS partition and set initial passphrase.
+sudo cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/loop0
+
+file blkfile
+# blkfile: LUKS encrypted file, ver 2 [, , sha256] UUID: 8...
+
+# Open (decrypt) the LUKS device, it will be mapped under /dev/mapper/loop0.
+sudo cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/loop0 loop0
+
+# Format partition with new filesystem.
+sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/loop0
+
+lsblk -f
+# NAME        FSTYPE    FSVER LABEL  UUID  FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINTS
+# loop0       crypto_LU 2            8...
+# └─loop0     vfat      FAT16        D...    83.8M     0% /home/johannst/mnt
+
+# Close (re-encrypt) LUKS device.
+sudo cryptsetup close loop0
+</code></pre>
+<h2 id="example-using-an-existing-luks-device"><a class="header" href="#example-using-an-existing-luks-device">Example: Using an existing LUKS device.</a></h2>
+<pre><code class="language-sh"># Open (decrypt) the LUKS device, it will be mapped under /dev/mapper/loop0.
+sudo cryptsetup open --type luks /dev/loop0 loop0
+
+# Mount filesystem.
+sudo mount /dev/mapper/loop0 &lt;mntpoint&gt;
+
+# Use disk ...
+
+# Unmount filesystem.
+sudo umount &lt;mntpoint&gt;
+
+# Close (re-encrypt) LUKS device.
+sudo cryptsetup close loop0
+</code></pre>
 <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="network-1"><a class="header" href="#network-1">Network</a></h1>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="network/./tcpdump.html">tcpdump</a></li>