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| author | johannst <johannst@users.noreply.github.com> | 2024-05-01 17:39:45 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | johannst <johannst@users.noreply.github.com> | 2024-05-01 17:39:45 +0000 |
| commit | 21a13652df728c9571f899caf4949d5d46f49db7 (patch) | |
| tree | dcd723453f6405c53a162da4c95896f5768f13d2 /print.html | |
| parent | 269caa8ae18eb33e1286e4c21d434ea07228a619 (diff) | |
| download | notes-21a13652df728c9571f899caf4949d5d46f49db7.tar.gz notes-21a13652df728c9571f899caf4949d5d46f49db7.zip | |
deploy: 7ca41565c4e70b212cb88a4d18c18fa35768df6d
Diffstat (limited to 'print.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | print.html | 2041 |
1 files changed, 1079 insertions, 962 deletions
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents"> <div class="sidebar-scrollbox"> - <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> gdbserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> dot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/ffmpeg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.15.</strong> ffmpeg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/column.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.16.</strong> column</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.17.</strong> sort</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/sed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.18.</strong> sed</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gnuplot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.19.</strong> gnuplot</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> ps</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> time</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/callgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> callgrind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/acl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> acl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/zfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> zfs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tshark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> tshark</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/firewall-cmd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> firewall-cmd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/nftables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> nftables</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/html.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol> + <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="shells/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Shells</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="shells/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="shells/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="shells/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="cli/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> CLI foo</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="cli/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="cli/sed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> sed</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="cli/column.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> column</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="cli/sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> sort</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="cli/tr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> tr</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> dot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/ffmpeg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> ffmpeg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gnuplot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> gnuplot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/restic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> restic</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> ps</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> time</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/callgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> callgrind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="debug/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Debug</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="debug/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="debug/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> gdbserver</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.11.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.12.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/acl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> acl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/zfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> zfs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> tcpdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tshark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> tshark</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/firewall-cmd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> firewall-cmd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/nftables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> nftables</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/html.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> armv8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol> </div> <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle"> <div class="sidebar-resize-indicator"></div> @@ -180,27 +180,11 @@ <h1 id="notes"><a class="header" href="#notes">Notes</a></h1> <p>A personal collection of notes and cheatsheets.</p> <p>Source code is located at <a href="https://github.com/johannst/notes">johannst/notes</a>.</p> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tools"><a class="header" href="#tools">Tools</a></h1> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="shells"><a class="header" href="#shells">Shells</a></h1> <ul> -<li><a href="tools/./zsh.html">zsh</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./bash.html">bash</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./fish.html">fish</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./tmux.html">tmux</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./git.html">git</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./awk.html">awk</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./emacs.html">emacs</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./gpg.html">gpg</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./gdb.html">gdb</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./gdbserver.html">gdbserver</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./radare2.html">radare2</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./qemu.html">qemu</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./pacman.html">pacman</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./dot.html">dot</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./ffmpeg.html">ffmpeg</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./column.html">column</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./sort.html">sort</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./sed.html">sed</a></li> -<li><a href="tools/./gnuplot.html">gnuplot</a></li> +<li><a href="shells/./zsh.html">zsh</a></li> +<li><a href="shells/./bash.html">bash</a></li> +<li><a href="shells/./fish.html">fish</a></li> </ul> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="zsh1"><a class="header" href="#zsh1">zsh(1)</a></h1> <h2 id="keybindings"><a class="header" href="#keybindings">Keybindings</a></h2> @@ -337,7 +321,7 @@ echo ${(kv)vec} # a aa b bb for k v in ${(kv)vec)}; do ...; done </code></pre> <h2 id="io-redirections"><a class="header" href="#io-redirections">I/O redirections</a></h2> -<p>See <a href="tools/bash.html#io-redirection">bash - I/O redirection</a></p> +<p>See <a href="shells/bash.html#io-redirection">bash - I/O redirection</a></p> <h2 id="process-substitution"><a class="header" href="#process-substitution">Process substitution</a></h2> <p>Process substitution allows to redirect the stdout of multiple processes at once.</p> @@ -548,7 +532,7 @@ NAME=VAR2 printf -v "$NAME" "%s" "def" </code></pre> <blockquote> -<p>Note: <code>prefix</code>/<code>suffix</code>/<code>pattern</code> are expanded as <a href="tools/bash.html#pathname">pathnames</a>.</p> +<p>Note: <code>prefix</code>/<code>suffix</code>/<code>pattern</code> are expanded as <a href="shells/bash.html#pathname">pathnames</a>.</p> </blockquote> <h3 id="pathname"><a class="header" href="#pathname">Pathname</a></h3> <pre><code class="language-bash">* match any string @@ -970,302 +954,14 @@ status -f # abs path of current file breakpoint ................ halt script execution and gives shell (C-d | exit to continue) </code></pre> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tmux1"><a class="header" href="#tmux1">tmux(1)</a></h1> -<p>Terminology:</p> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="cli-foo"><a class="header" href="#cli-foo">CLI foo</a></h1> <ul> -<li><code>session</code> is a collection of pseudo terminals which can have multiple -<code>windows</code></li> -<li><code>window</code> uses the entire screen and can be split into rectangular <code>panes</code></li> -<li><code>pane</code> is a single pseudo terminal instance</li> +<li><a href="cli/./awk.html">awk</a></li> +<li><a href="cli/./sed.html">sed</a></li> +<li><a href="cli/./column.html">column</a></li> +<li><a href="cli/./sort.html">sort</a></li> +<li><a href="cli/./tr.html">tr</a></li> </ul> -<h1 id="tmux-cli"><a class="header" href="#tmux-cli">Tmux cli</a></h1> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Session -tmux creates new session -tmux ls list running sessions -tmux kill-session -t <s> kill running session <s> -tmux attach -t <s> [-d] attach to session <s>, detach other clients [-d] -tmux detach -s <s> detach all clients from session <s> - -# Environment -tmux showenv -g show global tmux environment variables -tmux setenv -g <var> <val> set variable in global tmux env - -# Misc -tmux source-file <file> source config <file> -tmux lscm list available tmux commnds -tmux show -g show global tmux options -tmux display <msg> display message in tmux status line -</code></pre> -<h2 id="scripting"><a class="header" href="#scripting">Scripting</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Session -tmux list-sessions -F '#S' list running sessions, only IDs - -# Window -tmux list-windows -F '#I' -t <s> list window IDs for session <s> -tmux selectw -t <s>:<w> select window <w> in session <s> - -# Pane -tmux list-panes -F '#P' -t <s>:<w> list pane IDs for window <w> in session <s> -tmux selectp -t <s>:<w>.<p> select pane <p> in window <w> in session <s> - -# Run commands -tmux send -t <s>:<w>.<p> "ls" C-m send cmds/keys to pane -tmux run -t <p> <sh-cmd> run shell command <sh-cmd> in background and report output on pane -t <p> -</code></pre> -<p>For example cycle through all panes in all windows in all sessions:</p> -<pre><code class="language-bash"># bash -for s in $(tmux list-sessions -F '#S'); do - for w in $(tmux list-windows -F '#I' -t $s); do - for p in $(tmux list-panes -F '#P' -t $s:$w); do - echo $s:$w.$p - done - done -done -</code></pre> -<h1 id="bindings"><a class="header" href="#bindings">Bindings</a></h1> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">prefix d detach from current session -prefix c create new window -prefix w open window list -prefix $ rename session -prefix , rename window -prefix . move current window -</code></pre> -<p>Following bindings are specific to my <a href="https://github.com/johannst/dotfiles/blob/master/tmux.conf"><code>tmux.conf</code></a>:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">C-s prefix - -# Panes -prefix s horizontal split -prefix v vertical split -prefix f toggle maximize/minimize current pane - -# Movement -prefix Tab toggle between window - -prefix h move to pane left -prefix j move to pane down -prefix k move to pane up -prefix l move to pane right - -# Resize -prefix C-h resize pane left -prefix C-j resize pane down -prefix C-k resize pane up -prefix C-l resize pane right - -# Copy/Paste -prefix C-v enter copy mode -prefix C-p paste yanked text -prefix C-b open copy-buffer list - -# In Copy Mode -v enable visual mode -y yank selected text -</code></pre> -<h1 id="command-mode"><a class="header" href="#command-mode">Command mode</a></h1> -<p>To enter command mode <code>prefix :</code>.</p> -<p>Some useful commands are:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">setw synchronize-panes on/off enables/disables synchronized input to all panes -list-keys -t vi-copy list keymaps for vi-copy mode -</code></pre> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="git1"><a class="header" href="#git1">git(1)</a></h1> -<h2 id="working-areas"><a class="header" href="#working-areas">Working areas</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-text">+-------------------+ --- stash -----> +-------+ -| working directory | | stash | // Shelving area. -+-------------------+ <-- stash pop -- +-------+ - | ^ - add | - | reset - v | -+-------------------+ -| staging area | -+-------------------+ - | - commit - | - v -+-------------------+ -| local repository | -+-------------------+ - | ^ - push | - | fetch / - | pull - v | -+-------------------+ -| remote repository | -+-------------------+ -</code></pre> -<h2 id="config"><a class="header" href="#config">Config</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git config --list --show-origin ..... list currently set configs and where - they are coming from - git --edit [--global] ............... open config in editor (local or global) -</code></pre> -<h2 id="clean"><a class="header" href="#clean">Clean</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git clean -X ......... remove only ignored files (-n for dry run) - git clean -f -d -x ... remove untracked & ignored files / folders - git clean -e <pat> ... exclude pattern from deletion -</code></pre> -<h2 id="staging"><a class="header" href="#staging">Staging</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git add -p [<file>] ............ partial staging (interactive) -</code></pre> -<h2 id="remote"><a class="header" href="#remote">Remote</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git remote -v .................. list remotes verbose (with URLs) - git remote show [-n] <remote> .. list info for <remote> (like remote HEAD, - remote branches, tracking mapping) -</code></pre> -<h2 id="branching"><a class="header" href="#branching">Branching</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git branch [-a] ................ list available branches; -a to include - remote branches - git branch -vv ................. list branch & annotate with head sha1 & - remote tracking branch - git branch <bname> ............. create local branch with name <bname> - git branch -d <bname> .......... delete local branch with name <bname> - git checkout <bname> ........... switch to branch with name <bname> - git checkout --track <branch> .. start to locally track a remote branch - git branch --unset-upstream .... unset remote tracking branch - - # Remote - - git push -u origin <rbname> ........ push local branch to origin (or other - remote), and setup <rbname> as tracking - branch - git push origin --delete <rbname> .. delete branch <rbname> from origin (or - other remote) -</code></pre> -<h2 id="update-local-from-remote"><a class="header" href="#update-local-from-remote">Update local from remote</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git fetch --prune .................. update all remote references and - remove delete non-existing ones - (does not merge into local tracking branch) - git pull [--rebase] ................ fetch remote references and merge into - local tracking branch (fast-forward by default). - Optionally rebase local tracking branch - on-top of remote branch (in case local - branch has additional commits compared to remote branch). -</code></pre> -<h2 id="tags"><a class="header" href="#tags">Tags</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git tag -a <tname> -m "descr" ........ creates an annotated tag (full object - containing tagger, date, ...) - git tag -l ........................... list available tags - git checkout tag/<tname> ............. checkout specific tag - git checkout tag/<tname> -b <bname> .. checkout specific tag in a new branch - - # Remote - - git push origin --tags .... push local tags to origin (or other remote) -</code></pre> -<h2 id="merging"><a class="header" href="#merging">Merging</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git merge [opt] <commit> .... integrate changes from <commit> since - opt: current branch and <commit> diverged - --squash ................ merge all commits into a single one - --no-commit ............. dont generate commit if the merge succeeds - - git merge-base <commit> <commit> - get the common ancestor, since both commits diverged - - git rebase -i <upstream> .... interactively rebase on <upstream>, also supports actions - like squashing, editing, rewording, etc of commits - - git cherry-pick <commit> .... apply commit on current branch -</code></pre> -<h2 id="worktree"><a class="header" href="#worktree">Worktree</a></h2> -<p>Worktrees allow to maintain multiple working trees in the filesystem linked to -the same repository (shared .git folder).</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git worktree add <path> .............. create a tree at <path> with a new branch - checked out (bname is basename of <path>) - git worktree add <path> <bname> ...... create a tree at <path> from existing <bname> - git worktree list .................... list existing work trees - git worktree remove <tree> ........... remove work tree - git worktree prune ................... remove stale bookkeeping files -</code></pre> -<h2 id="log--commit-history"><a class="header" href="#log--commit-history">Log & Commit History</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git log --oneline ......... shows log in single line per commit -> alias for - '--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit' - git log --graph ........... text based graph of commit history - git log --decorate ........ decorate log with REFs - - git log -p <file> ......... show commit history + diffs for <file> - git log --oneline <file> .. show commit history for <file> in compact format -</code></pre> -<h2 id="diff--commit-info"><a class="header" href="#diff--commit-info">Diff & Commit Info</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git diff <commit>..<commit> [<file>] .... show changes between two arbitrary - commits. If one <commit> is omitted - it is if HEAD is specified. - git diff --name-only <commit>..<commit> . show names of files changed - git diff -U$(wc -l <file>) <file> ....... shows complete file with diffs - instead of usual diff snippets - git diff --staged ....................... show diffs of staged files - - git show --stat <commit> ................ show files changed by <commit> - git show <commit> [<file>] .............. show diffs for <commit> - - git show <commit>:<file> ................ show <file> at <commit> -</code></pre> -<h2 id="patching"><a class="header" href="#patching">Patching</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git format-patch <opt> <since>/<revision range> - opt: - -N ................... use [PATCH] instead [PATCH n/m] in subject when - generating patch description (for patches spanning - multiple commits) - --start-number <n> ... start output file generation with <n> as start - number instead '1' - since spcifier: - -3 .................. e.g: create a patch from last three commits - <commit hash> ....... create patch with commits starting after <commit hash> - - git am <patch> ......... apply patch and create a commit for it - - git apply --stat <PATCH> ... see which files the patch would change - git apply --check <PATCH> .. see if the patch can be applied cleanly - git apply [-3] <PATCH> ..... apply the patch locally without creating a commit, - if the patch does not cleanly apply -3 allows for - a 3-way merge - - # eg: generate patches for each commit from initial commit on - git format-patch -N $(git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD) - - # generate single patch file from a certain commit/ref - git format-patch <COMMIT/REF> --stdout > my-patch.patch -</code></pre> -<h2 id="resetting"><a class="header" href="#resetting">Resetting</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git reset [opt] <ref|commit> - opt: - --mixed .................... resets index, but not working tree - --hard ..................... matches the working tree and index to that - of the tree being switched to any changes to - tracked files in the working tree since - <commit> are lost - git reset HEAD <file> .......... remove file from staging - git reset --soft HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit but keep work - git reset --hard HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit and delete work -</code></pre> -<h2 id="submodules"><a class="header" href="#submodules">Submodules</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git submodule add <url> [<path>] .......... add new submodule to current project - git clone --recursive <url> ............... clone project and recursively all - submodules (same as using - 'git submodule update --init - --recursive' after clone) - git submodule update --init --recursive ... checkout submodules recursively - using the commit listed in the - super-project (in detached HEAD) - git submodule update --remote <submod> .... fetch & merge remote changes for - <submod>, this will pull - origin/HEAD or a branch specified - for the submodule - git diff --submodule ...................... show commits that are part of the - submodule diff -</code></pre> -<h2 id="inspection"><a class="header" href="#inspection">Inspection</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git ls-tree [-r] <ref> .... show git tree for <ref>, -r to recursively ls sub-trees - git show <obj> ............ show <obj> - git cat-file -p <obj> ..... print content of <obj> -</code></pre> -<h2 id="revision-specifier"><a class="header" href="#revision-specifier">Revision Specifier</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> HEAD ........ last commit - HEAD~1 ...... last commit-1 - HEAD~N ...... last commit-N (linear backwards when in tree structure, check - difference between HEAD^ and HEAD~) - git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD ........... first commit -</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="awk1"><a class="header" href="#awk1">awk(1)</a></h1> <pre><code class="language-markdown">awk [opt] program [input] -F <sepstr> field separator string (can be regex) @@ -1439,6 +1135,273 @@ At the <code>END</code> we compute the average of each key.</p> </code></pre> <p>We build a <code>ps</code> command line and capture the first line of the processes output in the <code>user</code> variable and then print it.</p> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="sed1"><a class="header" href="#sed1">sed(1)</a></h1> +<pre><code>sed [opts] [script] [file] + opts: + -i edit file in place + -i.bk edit file in place and create backup file + (with .bk suffix, can be specified differently) + --follow-symlinks + follow symlinks when editing in place + -e SCRIPT add SCRIPT to commands to be executed + (can be specified multiple times) + -f FILE add content of FILE to command to be executed + + --debug annotate program execution +</code></pre> +<h2 id="examples-1"><a class="header" href="#examples-1">Examples</a></h2> +<h3 id="delete-lines"><a class="header" href="#delete-lines">Delete lines</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># Delete two lines. +echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '1d;3d' +# bb +# dd + +# Delete last ($) line. +echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '$d' +# aa +# bb +# cc + +# Delete range of lines. +echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '1,3d' +# dd + +# Delete lines matching pattern. +echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '/bb/d' +# aa +# cc +# dd + +# Delete lines NOT matching pattern. +echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '/bb/!d' +# bb +</code></pre> +<h3 id="insert-lines"><a class="header" href="#insert-lines">Insert lines</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># Insert before line. +echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '2iABC' +# aa +# ABC +# bb + +# Insert after line. +echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '2aABC' +# aa +# bb +# ABC + +# Replace line. +echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '2cABC' +# aa +# ABC + +# Insert before pattern match. +echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '/bb/i 123' +# aa +# 123 +# bb +</code></pre> +<h3 id="substitute-lines"><a class="header" href="#substitute-lines">Substitute lines</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># Substitute by regex. +echo -e 'aafooaa\ncc' | sed 's/foo/MOOSE/' +# aaMOOSEaa +# cc +</code></pre> +<h3 id="multiple-scripts"><a class="header" href="#multiple-scripts">Multiple scripts</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh">echo -e 'foo\nbar' | sed -e 's/foo/FOO/' -e 's/FOO/BAR/' +# BAR +# bar +</code></pre> +<h3 id="edit-inplace-through-symlink"><a class="header" href="#edit-inplace-through-symlink">Edit inplace through symlink</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh">touch file +ln -s file link +ls -l link +# lrwxrwxrwx 1 johannst johannst 4 Feb 7 23:02 link -> file + +sed -i --follow-symlinks '1iabc' link +ls -l link +# lrwxrwxrwx 1 johannst johannst 4 Feb 7 23:02 link -> file + +sed -i '1iabc' link +ls -l link +# -rw-r--r-- 1 johannst johannst 0 Feb 7 23:02 link +</code></pre> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="column1"><a class="header" href="#column1">column(1)</a></h1> +<h2 id="examples-2"><a class="header" href="#examples-2">Examples</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># Show as table (aligned columns), with comma as delimiter from stdin. +echo -e 'a,b,c\n111,22222,33' | column -t -s ',' + +# Show file as table. +column -t -s ',' test.csv +</code></pre> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="sort1"><a class="header" href="#sort1">sort(1)</a></h1> +<pre><code>sort [opts] [file] + opts: + -r reverse output + -b ignore leading blanks + + -n sort by numeric + -h sort by human numeric + -V sort by version + + -k<N> sort by Nth key + -t<S> field separator +</code></pre> +<h2 id="examples-3"><a class="header" href="#examples-3">Examples</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># Sort by directory sizes. +du -sh * | sort -h +</code></pre> +<pre><code class="language-sh"># Sort numeric by second key. +# The default key separator is non-blank to blank transition. +echo 'a 4 +d 10 +c 21' | sort -k2 -n + +# Sort numeric by second key, split at comma. +echo 'a,4 +d,10 +c,21' | sort -k2 -n -t, +</code></pre> +<blockquote> +<p>Use <code>--debug</code> to annotate part of the line used to sort and hence debug the key usage.</p> +</blockquote> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tr1"><a class="header" href="#tr1">tr(1)</a></h1> +<pre><code>tr [opt] str1 [str2] + -d delete characters in str1 + -s squeeze repeating sequence of characters in str1 +</code></pre> +<h2 id="examples-4"><a class="header" href="#examples-4">Examples</a></h2> +<h3 id="to-lower"><a class="header" href="#to-lower">To lower</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh">echo MoOsE | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' +# output: moose +</code></pre> +<h3 id="replace-characters"><a class="header" href="#replace-characters">Replace characters</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh">echo moose | tr 'o' '-' +# output: m--se + +echo moose | tr 'os' '-' +# output: m---e +</code></pre> +<h3 id="remove-specific-characters"><a class="header" href="#remove-specific-characters">Remove specific characters</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh">echo moose | tr -d 'o' +# output: mse + +echo moose | tr -d 'os' +# output: me +</code></pre> +<h3 id="squeeze-character-sequences"><a class="header" href="#squeeze-character-sequences">Squeeze character sequences</a></h3> +<pre><code class="language-sh">echo moooooossse | tr -s 'os' +# output: mose +</code></pre> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tools"><a class="header" href="#tools">Tools</a></h1> +<ul> +<li><a href="tools/./tmux.html">tmux</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./emacs.html">emacs</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./gpg.html">gpg</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./radare2.html">radare2</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./qemu.html">qemu</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./pacman.html">pacman</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./dot.html">dot</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./ffmpeg.html">ffmpeg</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./gnuplot.html">gnuplot</a></li> +<li><a href="tools/./restic.html">restic</a></li> +</ul> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tmux1"><a class="header" href="#tmux1">tmux(1)</a></h1> +<p>Terminology:</p> +<ul> +<li><code>session</code> is a collection of pseudo terminals which can have multiple +<code>windows</code></li> +<li><code>window</code> uses the entire screen and can be split into rectangular <code>panes</code></li> +<li><code>pane</code> is a single pseudo terminal instance</li> +</ul> +<h1 id="tmux-cli"><a class="header" href="#tmux-cli">Tmux cli</a></h1> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Session +tmux creates new session +tmux ls list running sessions +tmux kill-session -t <s> kill running session <s> +tmux attach -t <s> [-d] attach to session <s>, detach other clients [-d] +tmux detach -s <s> detach all clients from session <s> + +# Environment +tmux showenv -g show global tmux environment variables +tmux setenv -g <var> <val> set variable in global tmux env + +# Misc +tmux source-file <file> source config <file> +tmux lscm list available tmux commnds +tmux show -g show global tmux options +tmux display <msg> display message in tmux status line +</code></pre> +<h2 id="scripting"><a class="header" href="#scripting">Scripting</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Session +tmux list-sessions -F '#S' list running sessions, only IDs + +# Window +tmux list-windows -F '#I' -t <s> list window IDs for session <s> +tmux selectw -t <s>:<w> select window <w> in session <s> + +# Pane +tmux list-panes -F '#P' -t <s>:<w> list pane IDs for window <w> in session <s> +tmux selectp -t <s>:<w>.<p> select pane <p> in window <w> in session <s> + +# Run commands +tmux send -t <s>:<w>.<p> "ls" C-m send cmds/keys to pane +tmux run -t <p> <sh-cmd> run shell command <sh-cmd> in background and report output on pane -t <p> +</code></pre> +<p>For example cycle through all panes in all windows in all sessions:</p> +<pre><code class="language-bash"># bash +for s in $(tmux list-sessions -F '#S'); do + for w in $(tmux list-windows -F '#I' -t $s); do + for p in $(tmux list-panes -F '#P' -t $s:$w); do + echo $s:$w.$p + done + done +done +</code></pre> +<h1 id="bindings"><a class="header" href="#bindings">Bindings</a></h1> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">prefix d detach from current session +prefix c create new window +prefix w open window list +prefix $ rename session +prefix , rename window +prefix . move current window +</code></pre> +<p>Following bindings are specific to my <a href="https://github.com/johannst/dotfiles/blob/master/tmux.conf"><code>tmux.conf</code></a>:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">C-s prefix + +# Panes +prefix s horizontal split +prefix v vertical split +prefix f toggle maximize/minimize current pane + +# Movement +prefix Tab toggle between window + +prefix h move to pane left +prefix j move to pane down +prefix k move to pane up +prefix l move to pane right + +# Resize +prefix C-h resize pane left +prefix C-j resize pane down +prefix C-k resize pane up +prefix C-l resize pane right + +# Copy/Paste +prefix C-v enter copy mode +prefix C-p paste yanked text +prefix C-b open copy-buffer list + +# In Copy Mode +v enable visual mode +y yank selected text +</code></pre> +<h1 id="command-mode"><a class="header" href="#command-mode">Command mode</a></h1> +<p>To enter command mode <code>prefix :</code>.</p> +<p>Some useful commands are:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">setw synchronize-panes on/off enables/disables synchronized input to all panes +list-keys -t vi-copy list keymaps for vi-copy mode +</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="emacs1"><a class="header" href="#emacs1">emacs(1)</a></h1> <h2 id="help"><a class="header" href="#help">help</a></h2> <pre><code class="language-markdown"> C-h ? list available help modes @@ -1597,7 +1560,7 @@ in the <code>user</code> variable and then print it.</p> <f1> get doc for completion condidate M-<digit> select completion candidate </code></pre> -<h2 id="tags-1"><a class="header" href="#tags-1">tags</a></h2> +<h2 id="tags"><a class="header" href="#tags">tags</a></h2> <p>To generate <code>etags</code> using <code>ctags</code></p> <pre><code class="language-markdown"> ctags -R -e . generate emacs tag file (important `-e`) </code></pre> @@ -1752,7 +1715,7 @@ gpg --verify <file>.asc <file> <li>http://keyserver.ubuntu.com</li> <li>hkps://pgp.mailbox.org</li> </ul> -<h2 id="examples-1"><a class="header" href="#examples-1">Examples</a></h2> +<h2 id="examples-5"><a class="header" href="#examples-5">Examples</a></h2> <h3 id="list-basic-key-information-from-file-with-long-keyids"><a class="header" href="#list-basic-key-information-from-file-with-long-keyids">List basic key information from file with long keyids</a></h3> <pre><code class="language-bash">gpg --keyid-format 0xlong <key.asc> </code></pre> @@ -1769,476 +1732,6 @@ gpg> save # Update keyserver(s) and/or export new pub keyfile. </code></pre> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="gdb1"><a class="header" href="#gdb1">gdb(1)</a></h1> -<h1 id="cli"><a class="header" href="#cli">CLI</a></h1> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdb [opts] [prg [-c coredump | -p pid]] - gdb [opts] --args prg <prg-args> - opts: - -p <pid> attach to pid - -c <coredump> use <coredump> - -x <file> execute script <file> before prompt - -ex <cmd> execute command <cmd> before prompt - --tty <tty> set I/O tty for debugee - --batch run in batch mode, exit after processing options (eg used - for scripting) - --batch-silent link --batch, but surpress gdb stdout -</code></pre> -<h1 id="interactive-usage"><a class="header" href="#interactive-usage">Interactive usage</a></h1> -<h2 id="misc"><a class="header" href="#misc">Misc</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> apropos <regex> - Search commands matching regex. - - tty <tty> - Set <tty> as tty for debugee. - Make sure nobody reads from target tty, easiest is to spawn a shell - and run following in target tty: - > while true; do sleep 1024; done - - sharedlibrary [<regex>] - Load symbols of shared libs loaded by debugee. Optionally use <regex> - to filter libs for symbol loading. - - display [/FMT] <expr> - Print <expr> every time debugee stops. Eg print next instr, see - examples below. - - undisplay [<num>] - Delete display expressions either all or one referenced by <num>. - - info display - List display expressions. - - info sharedlibrary [<regex>] - List shared libraries loaded. Optionally use <regex> to filter. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="breakpoints"><a class="header" href="#breakpoints">Breakpoints</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> break [-qualified] <sym> thread <tnum> - Set a breakpoint only for a specific thread. - -qualified: Treat <sym> as fully qualified symbol (quiet handy to set - breakpoints on C symbols in C++ contexts) - - break <sym> if <cond> - Set conditional breakpoint (see examples below). - - delete [<num>] - Delete breakpoint either all or one referenced by <num>. - - info break - List breakpoints. - - cond <bp> <cond> - Make existing breakpoint <bp> conditional with <cond>. - - cond <bp> - Remove condition from breakpoint <bp>. - - tbreak - Set temporary breakpoint, will be deleted when hit. - Same syntax as `break`. - - rbreak <regex> - Set breakpoints matching <regex>, where matching internally is done - on: .*<regex>.* - - command [<bp_list>] - Define commands to run after breakpoint hit. If <bp_list> is not - specified attach command to last created breakpoint. Command block - terminated with 'end' token. - - <bp_list>: Space separates list, eg 'command 2 5-8' to run command - for breakpoints: 2,5,6,7,8. - - save break <file> - Save breakpoints to <file>. Can be loaded with the `source` command. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="watchpoints"><a class="header" href="#watchpoints">Watchpoints</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> watch [-location|-l] <expr> [thread <tnum>] - Create a watchpoint for <expr>, will break if <expr> is written to. - Watchpoints respect scope of variables, -l can be used to watch the - memory location instead. - - rwatch ... - Sets a read watchpoint, will break if <expr> is read from. - - awatch ... - Sets an access watchpoint, will break if <expr> is written to or read - from. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="catchpoints"><a class="header" href="#catchpoints">Catchpoints</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> catch load [<regex>] - Stop when shared libraries are loaded, optionally specify a <regex> - to stop only on matches. - catch unload [<regex>] - Stop when shared libraries are unloaded, optionally specify a <regex> - to stop only on matches. - - catch throw - Stop when an exception is thrown. - catch rethrow - Stop when an exception is rethrown. - catch catch - Stop when an exception is caught. - - catch fork - Stop at calls to fork (also stops at clones, as some systems - implement fork via clone). - - catch syscall [<syscall> <syscall> ..] - Stop at syscall. If no argument is given, stop at all syscalls. - Optionally give a list of syscalls to stop at. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="inspection-1"><a class="header" href="#inspection-1">Inspection</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> info functions [<regex>] - List functions matching <regex>. List all functions if no <regex> - provided. - - info variables [<regex>] - List variables matching <regex>. List all variables if no <regex> - provided. - - info register [<reg> <reg> ..] - Dump content of all registers or only the specified <reg>ister. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="signal-handling"><a class="header" href="#signal-handling">Signal handling</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> info handle [<signal>] - Print how to handle <signal>. If no <signal> specified print for all - signals. - - handle <signal> <action> - Configure how gdb handles <signal> sent to debugee. - <action>: - stop/nostop Catch signal in gdb and break. - print/noprint Print message when gdb catches signal. - pass/nopass Pass signal down to debugee. - - catch signal <signal> - Create a catchpoint for <signal>. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="multi-threading"><a class="header" href="#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">info thread - List all threads. - -thread apply <id> [<id>] <command> - Run command on all threads listed by <id> (space separated list). - When 'all' is specified as <id> the <command> is run on all threads. - -thread name <name> - The <name> for the current thread. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="multi-process"><a class="header" href="#multi-process">Multi-process</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set follow-fork-mode <child | parent> - Specify which process to follow when debuggee makes a fork(2) - syscall. - - set detach-on-fork <on | off> - Turn on/off detaching from new child processes (on by default). - Turning this off allows to debug multiple processes (inferiors) with - one gdb session. - - info inferiors - List all processes gdb debugs. - - inferior <id> - Switch to inferior with <id>. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="scheduling"><a class="header" href="#scheduling">Scheduling</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set schedule-multiple <on | off> - on: Resume all threads of all processes (inferiors) when continuing - or stepping. - off: (default) Resume only threads of current process (inferior). -</code></pre> -<h2 id="shell-commands"><a class="header" href="#shell-commands">Shell commands</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> shell <shell_cmd> - Run the shell_cmd and print the output, can also contain a pipeline. - - pipe <gdb_cmd> | <shell_cmd> - Evaluate the gdb_cmd and run the shell_cmd which receives the output - of the gdb_cmd via stdin. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="source-file-locations"><a class="header" href="#source-file-locations">Source file locations</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> dir <path> - Add <path> to the beginning of the searh path for source files. - - show dir - Show current search path. - - set substitute-path <from> <to> - Add substitution rule checked during source file lookup. - - show substitute-path - Show current substitution rules. -</code></pre> -<h2 id="configuration"><a class="header" href="#configuration">Configuration</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set disassembly-flavor <intel | att> - Set the disassembly style "flavor". - - set pagination <on | off> - Turn on/off gdb's pagination. - - set breakpoint pending <on | off | auto> - on: always set pending breakpoints. - off: error when trying to set pending breakpoints. - auto: interatively query user to set breakpoint. - - set print pretty <on | off> - Turn on/off pertty printing of structures. - - set style enabled <on | off> - Turn on/off styling (eg colored output). - - set logging <on | off> - Enable output logging to file (default gdb.txt). - - set logging file <fname> - Change output log file to <fname> - - set logging redirect <on | off> - on: only log to file. - off: log to file and tty. - - set logging overwrite <on | off> - on: Truncate log file on each run. - off: Append to logfile (default). - - set history filename <fname> - Change file where to save and restore command history to and from. - - set history <on | off> - Enable or disable saving of command history. -</code></pre> -<blockquote> -<p>Logging options should be configured before logging is turned on.</p> -</blockquote> -<h1 id="text-user-interface-tui"><a class="header" href="#text-user-interface-tui">Text user interface (TUI)</a></h1> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> C-x a Toggle UI. - C-l Redraw UI (curses UI can be messed up after the debugee prints to - stdout/stderr). - C-x o Change focus. -</code></pre> -<h1 id="user-commands-macros"><a class="header" href="#user-commands-macros">User commands (macros)</a></h1> -<p>Gdb allows to create & document user commands as follows:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> define <cmd> - # cmds - end - - document <cmd> - # docu - end -</code></pre> -<p>To get all user commands or documentations one can use:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> help user-defined - help <cmd> -</code></pre> -<h1 id="hooks"><a class="header" href="#hooks">Hooks</a></h1> -<p>Gdb allows to create two types of command <code>hooks</code></p> -<ul> -<li><code>hook-</code> will be run before <code><cmd></code></li> -<li><code>hookpost-</code> will be run after <code><cmd></code></li> -</ul> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> define hook-<cmd> - # cmds - end - - define hookpost-<cmd> - # cmds - end -</code></pre> -<h1 id="examples-2"><a class="header" href="#examples-2">Examples</a></h1> -<h2 id="automatically-print-next-instr"><a class="header" href="#automatically-print-next-instr">Automatically print next instr</a></h2> -<p>When ever the debugee stops automatically print the memory at the current -instruction pointer (<code>$rip</code> x86) and format as instruction <code>/i</code>.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> # rip - x86 - display /i $rip - - # step instruction, after the step the next instruction is automatically printed - si -</code></pre> -<h2 id="conditional-breakpoints"><a class="header" href="#conditional-breakpoints">Conditional breakpoints</a></h2> -<p>Create conditional breakpoints for a function <code>void foo(int i)</code> in the debugee.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> # Create conditional breakpoint - b foo if i == 42 - - b foo # would create bp 2 - # Make existing breakpoint conditional - cond 2 i == 7 -</code></pre> -<h2 id="set-breakpoint-on-all-threads-except-one"><a class="header" href="#set-breakpoint-on-all-threads-except-one">Set breakpoint on all threads except one</a></h2> -<p>Create conditional breakpoint using the <code>$_thread</code> <a href="https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/Convenience-Vars.html#Convenience-Vars">convenience -variable</a>.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> # Create conditional breakpoint on all threads except thread 12. - b foo if $_thread != 12 -</code></pre> -<h2 id="catch-sigsegv-and-execute-commands"><a class="header" href="#catch-sigsegv-and-execute-commands">Catch SIGSEGV and execute commands</a></h2> -<p>This creates a <code>catchpoint</code> for the <code>SIGSEGV</code> signal and attached the <code>command</code> -to it.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> catch signal SIGSEGV - command - bt - c - end -</code></pre> -<h2 id="run-backtrace-on-thread-1-batch-mode"><a class="header" href="#run-backtrace-on-thread-1-batch-mode">Run <code>backtrace</code> on thread 1 (batch mode)</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdb --batch -ex 'thread 1' -ex 'bt' -p <pid> -</code></pre> -<h2 id="script-gdb-for-automating-debugging-sessions"><a class="header" href="#script-gdb-for-automating-debugging-sessions">Script gdb for automating debugging sessions</a></h2> -<p>To script gdb add commands into a file and pass it to gdb via <code>-x</code>. -For example create <code>run.gdb</code>:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set pagination off - - break mmap - command - info reg rdi rsi rdx - bt - c - end - - #initial drop - c -</code></pre> -<p>This script can be used as:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdb --batch -x ./run.gdb -p <pid> -</code></pre> -<h2 id="hook-to-automatically-save-breakpoints-on-quit"><a class="header" href="#hook-to-automatically-save-breakpoints-on-quit">Hook to automatically save breakpoints on <code>quit</code></a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">define break-save - save breakpoint $arg0.gdb.bp -end -define break-load - source $arg0.gdb.bp -end - -define hook-quit - break-save quit -end -</code></pre> -<h2 id="watchpoint-on-struct--class-member"><a class="header" href="#watchpoint-on-struct--class-member">Watchpoint on struct / class member</a></h2> -<p>A symbolic watchpoint defined on a member variable for debugging is only valid -as long as the expression is in scope. Once out of scope the watchpoint gets -deleted.</p> -<p>When debugging some memory corruption we want to keep the watchpoint even the -expression goes out of scope to find the location that overrides the variable -and introduces the corruption.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">(gdb) l -1 struct S { int v; }; -2 -3 void set(struct S* s, int v) { -4 s->v = v; -5 } -6 -7 int main() { -8 struct S s; -9 set(&s, 1); -10 set(&s, 2); -11 set(&s, 3); -... - -(gdb) s -set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=1) at test.c:4 -4 s->v = v; - -# Define a new watchpoint on the member of the struct. The expression however -# is only valid in the current functions scope. - -(gdb) watch s->v -Hardware watchpoint 2: s->v - -(gdb) c -Hardware watchpoint 2: s->v -Old value = 0 -New value = 1 -set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=1) at test.c:5 -5 } - -# The watchpoint gets deleted as soon as we leave the function scope. - -(gdb) c -Watchpoint 2 deleted because the program has left the block in -which its expression is valid. -main () at test.c:10 -10 set(&s, 2); - -# Define the watchpoint on the location of the object to watch. - -(gdb) watch -l s->v - -# This is equivalent to the following. - -(gdb) p &s->v -$1 = (int *) 0x7fffffffe594 - -# Define a watchpoint to the address of the member variable of the s instance. -# This of course only makes sense as long as the s instance is not moved in memory. - -(gdb) watch *0x7fffffffe594 -Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x7fffffffe594 - -(gdb) c -Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x7fffffffe594 -Old value = 1 -New value = 2 -set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=2) at test.c:5 -5 } - -(gdb) c -Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x7fffffffe594 -Old value = 2 -New value = 3 -set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=3) at test.c:5 -5 } -</code></pre> -<h2 id="shell-commands-1"><a class="header" href="#shell-commands-1">Shell commands</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Run shell commands. - -(gdb) shell zcat /proc/config.gz | grep CONFIG_KVM= -CONFIG_KVM=m - -# Pipe gdb command to shell command. - -(gdb) pipe info proc mapping | grep libc - 0x7ffff7a1a000 0x7ffff7a42000 0x28000 0x0 r--p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 - 0x7ffff7a42000 0x7ffff7b9d000 0x15b000 0x28000 r-xp /usr/lib/libc.so.6 - 0x7ffff7b9d000 0x7ffff7bf2000 0x55000 0x183000 r--p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 - 0x7ffff7bf2000 0x7ffff7bf6000 0x4000 0x1d7000 r--p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 - 0x7ffff7bf6000 0x7ffff7bf8000 0x2000 0x1db000 rw-p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 -</code></pre> -<h1 id="know-bugs"><a class="header" href="#know-bugs">Know Bugs</a></h1> -<h2 id="workaround-command--finish-bug"><a class="header" href="#workaround-command--finish-bug">Workaround <code>command + finish</code> bug</a></h2> -<p>When using <code>finish</code> inside a <code>command</code> block, commands after <code>finish</code> are not -executed. To workaround that bug one can create a wrapper function which calls -<code>finish</code>.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> define handler - bt - finish - info reg rax - end - - command - handler - end -</code></pre> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="gdbserver1"><a class="header" href="#gdbserver1">gdbserver(1)</a></h1> -<h1 id="cli-1"><a class="header" href="#cli-1">CLI</a></h1> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdbserver [opts] comm prog [args] - opts: - --disable-randomization - --no-disable-randomization - --wrapper W -- - - comm: - host:port - tty -</code></pre> -<h2 id="example-4"><a class="header" href="#example-4">Example</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Start gdbserver. -gdbserver localhost:1234 /bin/ls - -# Attach gdb. -gdb -ex 'target remote localhost:1234' -</code></pre> -<h2 id="wrapper-example-set-environment-variables-just-for-the-debugee"><a class="header" href="#wrapper-example-set-environment-variables-just-for-the-debugee">Wrapper example: Set environment variables just for the debugee</a></h2> -<p>Set <code>env</code> as execution wrapper with some variables. -The wrapper will be executed before the debugee.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">gdbserver --wrapper env FOO=123 BAR=321 -- :12345 /bin/ls -</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="radare21"><a class="header" href="#radare21">radare2(1)</a></h1> <h2 id="print"><a class="header" href="#print">print</a></h2> <pre><code class="language-markdown"> @@ -2258,7 +1751,7 @@ The wrapper will be executed before the debugee.</p> <pre><code class="language-markdown"> > r2 -B <baddr> <exe> # open <exe> mapped to addr <baddr> oob <addr> # reopen current file at <baddr> </code></pre> -<h1 id="examples-3"><a class="header" href="#examples-3">Examples</a></h1> +<h1 id="examples-6"><a class="header" href="#examples-6">Examples</a></h1> <h2 id="patch-file-alter-bytes"><a class="header" href="#patch-file-alter-bytes">Patch file (alter bytes)</a></h2> <pre><code class="language-markdown"> > r2 [-w] <file> oo+ # re-open for write if -w was not passed @@ -2639,135 +2132,6 @@ ffmpeg -framerate 25 -f x11grab $video_args -pix_fmt yuv420p $@ output.mp4 <p>The input <code>-i 0,0+xoff,yoff</code> means to capture <code>$DISPLAY=0.0</code> starting at the coordinate <code>(xoff, yoff)</code>, which is the left-upper corner, and the size of the capture is defined by the <code>-video_size</code> argument.</p> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="column1"><a class="header" href="#column1">column(1)</a></h1> -<h2 id="examples-4"><a class="header" href="#examples-4">Examples</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-sh"># Show as table (aligned columns), with comma as delimiter from stdin. -echo -e 'a,b,c\n111,22222,33' | column -t -s ',' - -# Show file as table. -column -t -s ',' test.csv -</code></pre> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="sort1"><a class="header" href="#sort1">sort(1)</a></h1> -<pre><code>sort [opts] [file] - opts: - -r reverse output - -b ignore leading blanks - - -n sort by numeric - -h sort by human numeric - -V sort by version - - -k<N> sort by Nth key - -t<S> field separator -</code></pre> -<h2 id="examples-5"><a class="header" href="#examples-5">Examples</a></h2> -<pre><code class="language-sh"># Sort by directory sizes. -du -sh * | sort -h -</code></pre> -<pre><code class="language-sh"># Sort numeric by second key. -# The default key separator is non-blank to blank transition. -echo 'a 4 -d 10 -c 21' | sort -k2 -n - -# Sort numeric by second key, split at comma. -echo 'a,4 -d,10 -c,21' | sort -k2 -n -t, -</code></pre> -<blockquote> -<p>Use <code>--debug</code> to annotate part of the line used to sort and hence debug the key usage.</p> -</blockquote> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="sed1"><a class="header" href="#sed1">sed(1)</a></h1> -<pre><code>sed [opts] [script] [file] - opts: - -i edit file in place - -i.bk edit file in place and create backup file - (with .bk suffix, can be specified differently) - --follow-symlinks - follow symlinks when editing in place - -e SCRIPT add SCRIPT to commands to be executed - (can be specified multiple times) - -f FILE add content of FILE to command to be executed - - --debug annotate program execution -</code></pre> -<h2 id="examples-6"><a class="header" href="#examples-6">Examples</a></h2> -<h3 id="delete-lines"><a class="header" href="#delete-lines">Delete lines</a></h3> -<pre><code class="language-sh"># Delete two lines. -echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '1d;3d' -# bb -# dd - -# Delete last ($) line. -echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '$d' -# aa -# bb -# cc - -# Delete range of lines. -echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '1,3d' -# dd - -# Delete lines matching pattern. -echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '/bb/d' -# aa -# cc -# dd - -# Delete lines NOT matching pattern. -echo -e 'aa\nbb\ncc\ndd' | sed '/bb/!d' -# bb -</code></pre> -<h3 id="insert-lines"><a class="header" href="#insert-lines">Insert lines</a></h3> -<pre><code class="language-sh"># Insert before line. -echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '2iABC' -# aa -# ABC -# bb - -# Insert after line. -echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '2aABC' -# aa -# bb -# ABC - -# Replace line. -echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '2cABC' -# aa -# ABC - -# Insert before pattern match. -echo -e 'aa\nbb' | sed '/bb/i 123' -# aa -# 123 -# bb -</code></pre> -<h3 id="substitute-lines"><a class="header" href="#substitute-lines">Substitute lines</a></h3> -<pre><code class="language-sh"># Substitute by regex. -echo -e 'aafooaa\ncc' | sed 's/foo/MOOSE/' -# aaMOOSEaa -# cc -</code></pre> -<h3 id="multiple-scripts"><a class="header" href="#multiple-scripts">Multiple scripts</a></h3> -<pre><code class="language-sh">echo -e 'foo\nbar' | sed -e 's/foo/FOO/' -e 's/FOO/BAR/' -# BAR -# bar -</code></pre> -<h3 id="edit-inplace-through-symlink"><a class="header" href="#edit-inplace-through-symlink">Edit inplace through symlink</a></h3> -<pre><code class="language-sh">touch file -ln -s file link -ls -l link -# lrwxrwxrwx 1 johannst johannst 4 Feb 7 23:02 link -> file - -sed -i --follow-symlinks '1iabc' link -ls -l link -# lrwxrwxrwx 1 johannst johannst 4 Feb 7 23:02 link -> file - -sed -i '1iabc' link -ls -l link -# -rw-r--r-- 1 johannst johannst 0 Feb 7 23:02 link -</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="gnuplot-1"><a class="header" href="#gnuplot-1">gnuplot (1)</a></h1> <pre><code># Launch interactive shell. gnuplot @@ -2819,7 +2183,7 @@ plot "< head -n2 data.txt" # Plot with alternate title. plot "data.txt" title "moose" </code></pre> -<h2 id="example-multiple-data-sets-in-on-plot"><a class="header" href="#example-multiple-data-sets-in-on-plot">Example: multiple data sets in on plot</a></h2> +<h2 id="example-multiple-data-sets-in-plot"><a class="header" href="#example-multiple-data-sets-in-plot">Example: multiple data sets in plot</a></h2> <pre><code class="language-sh"># file: mem_lat.plot set title "memory latency (different strides)" @@ -2844,10 +2208,44 @@ done gnuplot -p -c mem_lat.plot </code></pre> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="restic1"><a class="header" href="#restic1">restic(1)</a></h1> +<h2 id="create-new-snapshot-repository"><a class="header" href="#create-new-snapshot-repository">Create new snapshot repository</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-bash"># Create a local backup repository. +restic -r <path> init + +# Create a backup repository on a remote host. +restic -r sftp:user@host:<path> init +</code></pre> +<h2 id="example-restore-file-pattern-from-latest-snapshot"><a class="header" href="#example-restore-file-pattern-from-latest-snapshot">Example: Restore file pattern from <code>latest</code> snapshot</a></h2> +<p>Restore files matching <code><file_pattern></code> from the <code>latest</code> snapshot (pseudo +snapshot ID) into <code><dest></code>.</p> +<pre><code class="language-bash">restic -r <repo> restore -i <file_pattern> --target <dest> latest +</code></pre> +<h2 id="mount-snapshots"><a class="header" href="#mount-snapshots">Mount snapshots</a></h2> +<p>Mount snapshots as user filesystem (fuse) to given mount point.</p> +<pre><code class="language-bash">restic -r <repo> mount <mntpoint> + +# Mounted snapshots can be limited by host. +restic -r <repo> mount --host <host> <mntpoint> + +# Mounted snapshots can be limited by path (abs path). +restic -r <repo> mount --path <abspath> <mntpoint> +</code></pre> +<h2 id="repository-maintenance"><a class="header" href="#repository-maintenance">Repository maintenance</a></h2> +<p>Check the repository for errors and report them.</p> +<pre><code class="language-bash">restic -r <repo> check +</code></pre> +<p>Check the repository for non-referenced data and remove it.</p> +<pre><code class="language-bash">restic -r <repo> prune +</code></pre> +<h2 id="references-2"><a class="header" href="#references-2">References</a></h2> +<ul> +<li><a href="https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html"><code>restic</code> read the docs</a></li> +<li><a href="https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/stable/030_preparing_a_new_repo.html#sftp">sftp</a></li> +</ul> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="resource-analysis--monitor"><a class="header" href="#resource-analysis--monitor">Resource analysis & monitor</a></h1> <ul> <li><a href="monitor/./lsof.html">lsof</a></li> -<li><a href="monitor/./ss.html">ss</a></li> <li><a href="monitor/./pidstat.html">pidstat</a></li> <li><a href="monitor/./pgrep.html">pgrep</a></li> <li><a href="monitor/./ps.html">ps</a></li> @@ -2910,33 +2308,6 @@ and the device is currently busy.</p> <pre><code class="language-markdown"># Assuming /proc is a mount point. lsof /proc </code></pre> -<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="ss8"><a class="header" href="#ss8">ss(8)</a></h1> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">ss [option] [filter] -</code></pre> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">[option] - -p ..... Show process using socket - -l ..... Show sockets in listening state - -4/-6 .. Show IPv4/6 sockets - -x ..... Show unix sockets - -n ..... Show numeric ports (no resolve) - -O ..... Oneline output per socket -</code></pre> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">[filter] - dport/sport PORT .... Filter for destination/source port - dst/src ADDR ........ Filter for destination/source address - - and/or .............. Logic operator - ==/!= ............... Comparison operator - - (EXPR) .............. Group exprs -</code></pre> -<h1 id="examples-8"><a class="header" href="#examples-8">Examples</a></h1> -<p>Show all tcp IPv4 sockets connecting to port <code>443</code>:</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">ss -4 'dport 443' -</code></pre> -<p>Show all tcp IPv4 sockets that don't connect to port <code>443</code> or connect to address <code>1.2.3.4</code>.</p> -<pre><code class="language-markdown">ss -4 'dport != 443 or dst 1.2.3.4' -</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="pidstat1"><a class="header" href="#pidstat1">pidstat(1)</a></h1> <pre><code class="language-markdown">pidstat [opt] [interval] [cont] -U [user] show username instead UID, optionally only show for user @@ -3078,7 +2449,7 @@ opts: trace=signal ............... trace signal related syscalls signal ..................... trace signals delivered to the process </code></pre> -<h1 id="examples-9"><a class="header" href="#examples-9">Examples</a></h1> +<h1 id="examples-8"><a class="header" href="#examples-8">Examples</a></h1> <p>Trace <code>open(2)</code> & <code>socket(2)</code> syscalls for a running process + child processes:</p> <pre><code class="language-markdown">strace -f -e trace=open,socket -p <pid> </code></pre> @@ -3093,7 +2464,7 @@ opts: -l <filter> . show who calls into lib matched by <filter> -C .......... demangle </code></pre> -<h1 id="example-5"><a class="header" href="#example-5">Example</a></h1> +<h1 id="example-4"><a class="header" href="#example-4">Example</a></h1> <p>List which program/libs call into <code>libstdc++</code>:</p> <pre><code class="language-bash">ltrace -l '*libstdc++*' -C -o ltrace.log ./main </code></pre> @@ -3215,7 +2586,7 @@ perf script | FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl | FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl > c perf script --per-event-dump # fold & generate as above </code></pre> -<h2 id="examples-10"><a class="header" href="#examples-10">Examples</a></h2> +<h2 id="examples-9"><a class="header" href="#examples-9">Examples</a></h2> <h3 id="estimate-max-instructions-per-cycle"><a class="header" href="#estimate-max-instructions-per-cycle">Estimate max instructions per cycle</a></h3> <pre><code class="language-c">#define NOP4 "nop\nnop\nnop\nnop\n" #define NOP32 NOP4 NOP4 NOP4 NOP4 NOP4 NOP4 NOP4 NOP4 @@ -3279,7 +2650,7 @@ perf report --stdio -g graph,callee # __libc_start_main # _start <- callstack bottom </code></pre> -<h2 id="references-2"><a class="header" href="#references-2">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-3"><a class="header" href="#references-3">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon">intel/perfmon</a> - intel PMU event database per uarch</li> <li><a href="https://perfmon-events.intel.com/">intel/perfmon-html</a> - a html rendered version of the PMU @@ -3367,6 +2738,481 @@ int main() { <p>Alternatively instrumentation can be controlled with <code>callgrind_control -i on/off</code>.</p> <p>The files <a href="trace_profile/callgrind/cg_example.cc">cg_example.cc</a> and <a href="trace_profile/callgrind/Makefile">Makefile</a> provide a full example.</p> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="debug-1"><a class="header" href="#debug-1">Debug</a></h1> +<ul> +<li><a href="debug/./gdb.html">gdb</a></li> +<li><a href="debug/./gdbserver.html">gdbserver</a></li> +</ul> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="gdb1"><a class="header" href="#gdb1">gdb(1)</a></h1> +<h1 id="cli"><a class="header" href="#cli">CLI</a></h1> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdb [opts] [prg [-c coredump | -p pid]] + gdb [opts] --args prg <prg-args> + opts: + -p <pid> attach to pid + -c <coredump> use <coredump> + -x <file> execute script <file> before prompt + -ex <cmd> execute command <cmd> before prompt + --tty <tty> set I/O tty for debugee + --batch run in batch mode, exit after processing options (eg used + for scripting) + --batch-silent link --batch, but surpress gdb stdout +</code></pre> +<h1 id="interactive-usage"><a class="header" href="#interactive-usage">Interactive usage</a></h1> +<h2 id="misc"><a class="header" href="#misc">Misc</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> apropos <regex> + Search commands matching regex. + + tty <tty> + Set <tty> as tty for debugee. + Make sure nobody reads from target tty, easiest is to spawn a shell + and run following in target tty: + > while true; do sleep 1024; done + + sharedlibrary [<regex>] + Load symbols of shared libs loaded by debugee. Optionally use <regex> + to filter libs for symbol loading. + + display [/FMT] <expr> + Print <expr> every time debugee stops. Eg print next instr, see + examples below. + + undisplay [<num>] + Delete display expressions either all or one referenced by <num>. + + info display + List display expressions. + + info sharedlibrary [<regex>] + List shared libraries loaded. Optionally use <regex> to filter. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="breakpoints"><a class="header" href="#breakpoints">Breakpoints</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> break [-qualified] <sym> thread <tnum> + Set a breakpoint only for a specific thread. + -qualified: Treat <sym> as fully qualified symbol (quiet handy to set + breakpoints on C symbols in C++ contexts) + + break <sym> if <cond> + Set conditional breakpoint (see examples below). + + delete [<num>] + Delete breakpoint either all or one referenced by <num>. + + info break + List breakpoints. + + cond <bp> <cond> + Make existing breakpoint <bp> conditional with <cond>. + + cond <bp> + Remove condition from breakpoint <bp>. + + tbreak + Set temporary breakpoint, will be deleted when hit. + Same syntax as `break`. + + rbreak <regex> + Set breakpoints matching <regex>, where matching internally is done + on: .*<regex>.* + + command [<bp_list>] + Define commands to run after breakpoint hit. If <bp_list> is not + specified attach command to last created breakpoint. Command block + terminated with 'end' token. + + <bp_list>: Space separates list, eg 'command 2 5-8' to run command + for breakpoints: 2,5,6,7,8. + + save break <file> + Save breakpoints to <file>. Can be loaded with the `source` command. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="watchpoints"><a class="header" href="#watchpoints">Watchpoints</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> watch [-location|-l] <expr> [thread <tnum>] + Create a watchpoint for <expr>, will break if <expr> is written to. + Watchpoints respect scope of variables, -l can be used to watch the + memory location instead. + + rwatch ... + Sets a read watchpoint, will break if <expr> is read from. + + awatch ... + Sets an access watchpoint, will break if <expr> is written to or read + from. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="catchpoints"><a class="header" href="#catchpoints">Catchpoints</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> catch load [<regex>] + Stop when shared libraries are loaded, optionally specify a <regex> + to stop only on matches. + catch unload [<regex>] + Stop when shared libraries are unloaded, optionally specify a <regex> + to stop only on matches. + + catch throw + Stop when an exception is thrown. + catch rethrow + Stop when an exception is rethrown. + catch catch + Stop when an exception is caught. + + catch fork + Stop at calls to fork (also stops at clones, as some systems + implement fork via clone). + + catch syscall [<syscall> <syscall> ..] + Stop at syscall. If no argument is given, stop at all syscalls. + Optionally give a list of syscalls to stop at. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="inspection"><a class="header" href="#inspection">Inspection</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> info functions [<regex>] + List functions matching <regex>. List all functions if no <regex> + provided. + + info variables [<regex>] + List variables matching <regex>. List all variables if no <regex> + provided. + + info register [<reg> <reg> ..] + Dump content of all registers or only the specified <reg>ister. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="signal-handling"><a class="header" href="#signal-handling">Signal handling</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> info handle [<signal>] + Print how to handle <signal>. If no <signal> specified print for all + signals. + + handle <signal> <action> + Configure how gdb handles <signal> sent to debugee. + <action>: + stop/nostop Catch signal in gdb and break. + print/noprint Print message when gdb catches signal. + pass/nopass Pass signal down to debugee. + + catch signal <signal> + Create a catchpoint for <signal>. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="multi-threading"><a class="header" href="#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">info thread + List all threads. + +thread apply <id> [<id>] <command> + Run command on all threads listed by <id> (space separated list). + When 'all' is specified as <id> the <command> is run on all threads. + +thread name <name> + The <name> for the current thread. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="multi-process"><a class="header" href="#multi-process">Multi-process</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set follow-fork-mode <child | parent> + Specify which process to follow when debuggee makes a fork(2) + syscall. + + set detach-on-fork <on | off> + Turn on/off detaching from new child processes (on by default). + Turning this off allows to debug multiple processes (inferiors) with + one gdb session. + + info inferiors + List all processes gdb debugs. + + inferior <id> + Switch to inferior with <id>. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="scheduling"><a class="header" href="#scheduling">Scheduling</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set schedule-multiple <on | off> + on: Resume all threads of all processes (inferiors) when continuing + or stepping. + off: (default) Resume only threads of current process (inferior). +</code></pre> +<h2 id="shell-commands"><a class="header" href="#shell-commands">Shell commands</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> shell <shell_cmd> + Run the shell_cmd and print the output, can also contain a pipeline. + + pipe <gdb_cmd> | <shell_cmd> + Evaluate the gdb_cmd and run the shell_cmd which receives the output + of the gdb_cmd via stdin. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="source-file-locations"><a class="header" href="#source-file-locations">Source file locations</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> dir <path> + Add <path> to the beginning of the searh path for source files. + + show dir + Show current search path. + + set substitute-path <from> <to> + Add substitution rule checked during source file lookup. + + show substitute-path + Show current substitution rules. +</code></pre> +<h2 id="configuration"><a class="header" href="#configuration">Configuration</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set disassembly-flavor <intel | att> + Set the disassembly style "flavor". + + set pagination <on | off> + Turn on/off gdb's pagination. + + set breakpoint pending <on | off | auto> + on: always set pending breakpoints. + off: error when trying to set pending breakpoints. + auto: interatively query user to set breakpoint. + + set print pretty <on | off> + Turn on/off pertty printing of structures. + + set style enabled <on | off> + Turn on/off styling (eg colored output). + + set logging <on | off> + Enable output logging to file (default gdb.txt). + + set logging file <fname> + Change output log file to <fname> + + set logging redirect <on | off> + on: only log to file. + off: log to file and tty. + + set logging overwrite <on | off> + on: Truncate log file on each run. + off: Append to logfile (default). + + set history filename <fname> + Change file where to save and restore command history to and from. + + set history <on | off> + Enable or disable saving of command history. +</code></pre> +<blockquote> +<p>Logging options should be configured before logging is turned on.</p> +</blockquote> +<h1 id="text-user-interface-tui"><a class="header" href="#text-user-interface-tui">Text user interface (TUI)</a></h1> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> C-x a Toggle UI. + C-l Redraw UI (curses UI can be messed up after the debugee prints to + stdout/stderr). + C-x o Change focus. +</code></pre> +<h1 id="user-commands-macros"><a class="header" href="#user-commands-macros">User commands (macros)</a></h1> +<p>Gdb allows to create & document user commands as follows:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> define <cmd> + # cmds + end + + document <cmd> + # docu + end +</code></pre> +<p>To get all user commands or documentations one can use:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> help user-defined + help <cmd> +</code></pre> +<h1 id="hooks"><a class="header" href="#hooks">Hooks</a></h1> +<p>Gdb allows to create two types of command <code>hooks</code></p> +<ul> +<li><code>hook-</code> will be run before <code><cmd></code></li> +<li><code>hookpost-</code> will be run after <code><cmd></code></li> +</ul> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> define hook-<cmd> + # cmds + end + + define hookpost-<cmd> + # cmds + end +</code></pre> +<h1 id="examples-10"><a class="header" href="#examples-10">Examples</a></h1> +<h2 id="automatically-print-next-instr"><a class="header" href="#automatically-print-next-instr">Automatically print next instr</a></h2> +<p>When ever the debugee stops automatically print the memory at the current +instruction pointer (<code>$rip</code> x86) and format as instruction <code>/i</code>.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> # rip - x86 + display /i $rip + + # step instruction, after the step the next instruction is automatically printed + si +</code></pre> +<h2 id="conditional-breakpoints"><a class="header" href="#conditional-breakpoints">Conditional breakpoints</a></h2> +<p>Create conditional breakpoints for a function <code>void foo(int i)</code> in the debugee.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> # Create conditional breakpoint + b foo if i == 42 + + b foo # would create bp 2 + # Make existing breakpoint conditional + cond 2 i == 7 +</code></pre> +<h2 id="set-breakpoint-on-all-threads-except-one"><a class="header" href="#set-breakpoint-on-all-threads-except-one">Set breakpoint on all threads except one</a></h2> +<p>Create conditional breakpoint using the <code>$_thread</code> <a href="https://sourceware.org/gdb/onlinedocs/gdb/Convenience-Vars.html#Convenience-Vars">convenience +variable</a>.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> # Create conditional breakpoint on all threads except thread 12. + b foo if $_thread != 12 +</code></pre> +<h2 id="catch-sigsegv-and-execute-commands"><a class="header" href="#catch-sigsegv-and-execute-commands">Catch SIGSEGV and execute commands</a></h2> +<p>This creates a <code>catchpoint</code> for the <code>SIGSEGV</code> signal and attached the <code>command</code> +to it.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> catch signal SIGSEGV + command + bt + c + end +</code></pre> +<h2 id="run-backtrace-on-thread-1-batch-mode"><a class="header" href="#run-backtrace-on-thread-1-batch-mode">Run <code>backtrace</code> on thread 1 (batch mode)</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdb --batch -ex 'thread 1' -ex 'bt' -p <pid> +</code></pre> +<h2 id="script-gdb-for-automating-debugging-sessions"><a class="header" href="#script-gdb-for-automating-debugging-sessions">Script gdb for automating debugging sessions</a></h2> +<p>To script gdb add commands into a file and pass it to gdb via <code>-x</code>. +For example create <code>run.gdb</code>:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> set pagination off + + break mmap + command + info reg rdi rsi rdx + bt + c + end + + #initial drop + c +</code></pre> +<p>This script can be used as:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdb --batch -x ./run.gdb -p <pid> +</code></pre> +<h2 id="hook-to-automatically-save-breakpoints-on-quit"><a class="header" href="#hook-to-automatically-save-breakpoints-on-quit">Hook to automatically save breakpoints on <code>quit</code></a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">define break-save + save breakpoint $arg0.gdb.bp +end +define break-load + source $arg0.gdb.bp +end + +define hook-quit + break-save quit +end +</code></pre> +<h2 id="watchpoint-on-struct--class-member"><a class="header" href="#watchpoint-on-struct--class-member">Watchpoint on struct / class member</a></h2> +<p>A symbolic watchpoint defined on a member variable for debugging is only valid +as long as the expression is in scope. Once out of scope the watchpoint gets +deleted.</p> +<p>When debugging some memory corruption we want to keep the watchpoint even the +expression goes out of scope to find the location that overrides the variable +and introduces the corruption.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">(gdb) l +1 struct S { int v; }; +2 +3 void set(struct S* s, int v) { +4 s->v = v; +5 } +6 +7 int main() { +8 struct S s; +9 set(&s, 1); +10 set(&s, 2); +11 set(&s, 3); +... + +(gdb) s +set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=1) at test.c:4 +4 s->v = v; + +# Define a new watchpoint on the member of the struct. The expression however +# is only valid in the current functions scope. + +(gdb) watch s->v +Hardware watchpoint 2: s->v + +(gdb) c +Hardware watchpoint 2: s->v +Old value = 0 +New value = 1 +set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=1) at test.c:5 +5 } + +# The watchpoint gets deleted as soon as we leave the function scope. + +(gdb) c +Watchpoint 2 deleted because the program has left the block in +which its expression is valid. +main () at test.c:10 +10 set(&s, 2); + +# Define the watchpoint on the location of the object to watch. + +(gdb) watch -l s->v + +# This is equivalent to the following. + +(gdb) p &s->v +$1 = (int *) 0x7fffffffe594 + +# Define a watchpoint to the address of the member variable of the s instance. +# This of course only makes sense as long as the s instance is not moved in memory. + +(gdb) watch *0x7fffffffe594 +Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x7fffffffe594 + +(gdb) c +Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x7fffffffe594 +Old value = 1 +New value = 2 +set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=2) at test.c:5 +5 } + +(gdb) c +Hardware watchpoint 3: *0x7fffffffe594 +Old value = 2 +New value = 3 +set (s=0x7fffffffe594, v=3) at test.c:5 +5 } +</code></pre> +<h2 id="shell-commands-1"><a class="header" href="#shell-commands-1">Shell commands</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Run shell commands. + +(gdb) shell zcat /proc/config.gz | grep CONFIG_KVM= +CONFIG_KVM=m + +# Pipe gdb command to shell command. + +(gdb) pipe info proc mapping | grep libc + 0x7ffff7a1a000 0x7ffff7a42000 0x28000 0x0 r--p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 + 0x7ffff7a42000 0x7ffff7b9d000 0x15b000 0x28000 r-xp /usr/lib/libc.so.6 + 0x7ffff7b9d000 0x7ffff7bf2000 0x55000 0x183000 r--p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 + 0x7ffff7bf2000 0x7ffff7bf6000 0x4000 0x1d7000 r--p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 + 0x7ffff7bf6000 0x7ffff7bf8000 0x2000 0x1db000 rw-p /usr/lib/libc.so.6 +</code></pre> +<h1 id="know-bugs"><a class="header" href="#know-bugs">Know Bugs</a></h1> +<h2 id="workaround-command--finish-bug"><a class="header" href="#workaround-command--finish-bug">Workaround <code>command + finish</code> bug</a></h2> +<p>When using <code>finish</code> inside a <code>command</code> block, commands after <code>finish</code> are not +executed. To workaround that bug one can create a wrapper function which calls +<code>finish</code>.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> define handler + bt + finish + info reg rax + end + + command + handler + end +</code></pre> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="gdbserver1"><a class="header" href="#gdbserver1">gdbserver(1)</a></h1> +<h1 id="cli-1"><a class="header" href="#cli-1">CLI</a></h1> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> gdbserver [opts] comm prog [args] + opts: + --disable-randomization + --no-disable-randomization + --wrapper W -- + + comm: + host:port + tty +</code></pre> +<h2 id="example-5"><a class="header" href="#example-5">Example</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"># Start gdbserver. +gdbserver localhost:1234 /bin/ls + +# Attach gdb. +gdb -ex 'target remote localhost:1234' +</code></pre> +<h2 id="wrapper-example-set-environment-variables-just-for-the-debugee"><a class="header" href="#wrapper-example-set-environment-variables-just-for-the-debugee">Wrapper example: Set environment variables just for the debugee</a></h2> +<p>Set <code>env</code> as execution wrapper with some variables. +The wrapper will be executed before the debugee.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">gdbserver --wrapper env FOO=123 BAR=321 -- :12345 /bin/ls +</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="binary"><a class="header" href="#binary">Binary</a></h1> <ul> <li><a href="binary/./od.html">od</a></li> @@ -3522,6 +3368,7 @@ objdump -C --disassemble=foo::bar <bin> <li><a href="development/./c++.html">c++</a></li> <li><a href="development/./glibc.html">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="development/./gcc.html">gcc</a></li> +<li><a href="development/./git.html">git</a></li> <li><a href="development/./cmake.html">cmake</a></li> <li><a href="development/./make.html">make</a></li> <li><a href="development/./ld.so.html">ld.so</a></li> @@ -4576,6 +4423,205 @@ run1: <li>C ABI (x86_64) - <a href="https://gitlab.com/x86-psABIs/x86-64-ABI">SystemV ABI</a></li> <li>C++ ABI - <a href="https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi">C++ Itanium ABI</a></li> </ul> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="git1"><a class="header" href="#git1">git(1)</a></h1> +<h2 id="working-areas"><a class="header" href="#working-areas">Working areas</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-text">+-------------------+ --- stash -----> +-------+ +| working directory | | stash | // Shelving area. ++-------------------+ <-- stash pop -- +-------+ + | ^ + add | + | reset + v | ++-------------------+ +| staging area | ++-------------------+ + | + commit + | + v ++-------------------+ +| local repository | ++-------------------+ + | ^ + push | + | fetch / + | pull + v | ++-------------------+ +| remote repository | ++-------------------+ +</code></pre> +<h2 id="config"><a class="header" href="#config">Config</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git config --list --show-origin ..... list currently set configs and where + they are coming from + git --edit [--global] ............... open config in editor (local or global) +</code></pre> +<h2 id="clean"><a class="header" href="#clean">Clean</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git clean -X ......... remove only ignored files (-n for dry run) + git clean -f -d -x ... remove untracked & ignored files / folders + git clean -e <pat> ... exclude pattern from deletion +</code></pre> +<h2 id="staging"><a class="header" href="#staging">Staging</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git add -p [<file>] ............ partial staging (interactive) +</code></pre> +<h2 id="remote"><a class="header" href="#remote">Remote</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git remote -v .................. list remotes verbose (with URLs) + git remote show [-n] <remote> .. list info for <remote> (like remote HEAD, + remote branches, tracking mapping) +</code></pre> +<h2 id="branching"><a class="header" href="#branching">Branching</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git branch [-a] ................ list available branches; -a to include + remote branches + git branch -vv ................. list branch & annotate with head sha1 & + remote tracking branch + git branch <bname> ............. create local branch with name <bname> + git branch -d <bname> .......... delete local branch with name <bname> + git checkout <bname> ........... switch to branch with name <bname> + git checkout --track <branch> .. start to locally track a remote branch + git branch --unset-upstream .... unset remote tracking branch + + # Remote + + git push -u origin <rbname> ........ push local branch to origin (or other + remote), and setup <rbname> as tracking + branch + git push origin --delete <rbname> .. delete branch <rbname> from origin (or + other remote) +</code></pre> +<h2 id="update-local-from-remote"><a class="header" href="#update-local-from-remote">Update local from remote</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git fetch --prune .................. update all remote references and + remove delete non-existing ones + (does not merge into local tracking branch) + git pull [--rebase] ................ fetch remote references and merge into + local tracking branch (fast-forward by default). + Optionally rebase local tracking branch + on-top of remote branch (in case local + branch has additional commits compared to remote branch). +</code></pre> +<h2 id="tags-1"><a class="header" href="#tags-1">Tags</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git tag -a <tname> -m "descr" ........ creates an annotated tag (full object + containing tagger, date, ...) + git tag -l ........................... list available tags + git checkout tag/<tname> ............. checkout specific tag + git checkout tag/<tname> -b <bname> .. checkout specific tag in a new branch + + # Remote + + git push origin --tags .... push local tags to origin (or other remote) +</code></pre> +<h2 id="merging"><a class="header" href="#merging">Merging</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git merge [opt] <commit> .... integrate changes from <commit> since + opt: current branch and <commit> diverged + --squash ................ merge all commits into a single one + --no-commit ............. dont generate commit if the merge succeeds + + git merge-base <commit> <commit> + get the common ancestor, since both commits diverged + + git rebase -i <upstream> .... interactively rebase on <upstream>, also supports actions + like squashing, editing, rewording, etc of commits + + git cherry-pick <commit> .... apply commit on current branch +</code></pre> +<h2 id="worktree"><a class="header" href="#worktree">Worktree</a></h2> +<p>Worktrees allow to maintain multiple working trees in the filesystem linked to +the same repository (shared .git folder).</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git worktree add <path> .............. create a tree at <path> with a new branch + checked out (bname is basename of <path>) + git worktree add <path> <bname> ...... create a tree at <path> from existing <bname> + git worktree list .................... list existing work trees + git worktree remove <tree> ........... remove work tree + git worktree prune ................... remove stale bookkeeping files +</code></pre> +<h2 id="log--commit-history"><a class="header" href="#log--commit-history">Log & Commit History</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git log --oneline ......... shows log in single line per commit -> alias for + '--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit' + git log --graph ........... text based graph of commit history + git log --decorate ........ decorate log with REFs + + git log -p <file> ......... show commit history + diffs for <file> + git log --oneline <file> .. show commit history for <file> in compact format +</code></pre> +<h2 id="diff--commit-info"><a class="header" href="#diff--commit-info">Diff & Commit Info</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git diff <commit>..<commit> [<file>] .... show changes between two arbitrary + commits. If one <commit> is omitted + it is if HEAD is specified. + git diff --name-only <commit>..<commit> . show names of files changed + git diff -U$(wc -l <file>) <file> ....... shows complete file with diffs + instead of usual diff snippets + git diff --staged ....................... show diffs of staged files + + git show --stat <commit> ................ show files changed by <commit> + git show <commit> [<file>] .............. show diffs for <commit> + + git show <commit>:<file> ................ show <file> at <commit> +</code></pre> +<h2 id="patching"><a class="header" href="#patching">Patching</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git format-patch <opt> <since>/<revision range> + opt: + -N ................... use [PATCH] instead [PATCH n/m] in subject when + generating patch description (for patches spanning + multiple commits) + --start-number <n> ... start output file generation with <n> as start + number instead '1' + since spcifier: + -3 .................. e.g: create a patch from last three commits + <commit hash> ....... create patch with commits starting after <commit hash> + + git am <patch> ......... apply patch and create a commit for it + + git apply --stat <PATCH> ... see which files the patch would change + git apply --check <PATCH> .. see if the patch can be applied cleanly + git apply [-3] <PATCH> ..... apply the patch locally without creating a commit, + if the patch does not cleanly apply -3 allows for + a 3-way merge + + # eg: generate patches for each commit from initial commit on + git format-patch -N $(git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD) + + # generate single patch file from a certain commit/ref + git format-patch <COMMIT/REF> --stdout > my-patch.patch +</code></pre> +<h2 id="resetting"><a class="header" href="#resetting">Resetting</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git reset [opt] <ref|commit> + opt: + --mixed .................... resets index, but not working tree + --hard ..................... matches the working tree and index to that + of the tree being switched to any changes to + tracked files in the working tree since + <commit> are lost + git reset HEAD <file> .......... remove file from staging + git reset --soft HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit but keep work + git reset --hard HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit and delete work +</code></pre> +<h2 id="submodules"><a class="header" href="#submodules">Submodules</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git submodule add <url> [<path>] .......... add new submodule to current project + git clone --recursive <url> ............... clone project and recursively all + submodules (same as using + 'git submodule update --init + --recursive' after clone) + git submodule update --init --recursive ... checkout submodules recursively + using the commit listed in the + super-project (in detached HEAD) + git submodule update --remote <submod> .... fetch & merge remote changes for + <submod>, this will pull + origin/HEAD or a branch specified + for the submodule + git diff --submodule ...................... show commits that are part of the + submodule diff +</code></pre> +<h2 id="inspection-1"><a class="header" href="#inspection-1">Inspection</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> git ls-tree [-r] <ref> .... show git tree for <ref>, -r to recursively ls sub-trees + git show <obj> ............ show <obj> + git cat-file -p <obj> ..... print content of <obj> +</code></pre> +<h2 id="revision-specifier"><a class="header" href="#revision-specifier">Revision Specifier</a></h2> +<pre><code class="language-markdown"> HEAD ........ last commit + HEAD~1 ...... last commit-1 + HEAD~N ...... last commit-N (linear backwards when in tree structure, check + difference between HEAD^ and HEAD~) + git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD ........... first commit +</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="cmake1"><a class="header" href="#cmake1">cmake(1)</a></h1> <h2 id="frequently-used-variables"><a class="header" href="#frequently-used-variables">Frequently used variables</a></h2> <pre><code># Install location. @@ -5285,7 +5331,7 @@ func_v0 func_v1 func_v2 </code></pre> -<h2 id="references-3"><a class="header" href="#references-3">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-4"><a class="header" href="#references-4">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://akkadia.org/drepper/symbol-versioning">ELF Symbol Versioning</a></li> <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/VERSION.html">Binutils ld: Symbol Versioning</a></li> @@ -5687,7 +5733,7 @@ journalctl --user -u test -n 5 --disk-usage Show current disk usage --vacuum-size=<size> Reduce journal log to <size> (K/M/G) </code></pre> -<h2 id="references-4"><a class="header" href="#references-4">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-5"><a class="header" href="#references-5">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/systemd.unit.5.html">man systemd.unit(5)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/systemd.service.5.html">man systemd.service(5)</a></li> @@ -6070,7 +6116,7 @@ group::r-x mask::r-x other::rwx </code></pre> -<h2 id="references-5"><a class="header" href="#references-5">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-6"><a class="header" href="#references-6">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/acl.5.html">acl(5)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/getfacl.1.html">getfacl(1)</a></li> @@ -6301,6 +6347,33 @@ cache.</p> <li><a href="network/./firewall-cmd.html">firewall-cmd</a></li> <li><a href="network/./nftables.html">nftables</a></li> </ul> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="ss8"><a class="header" href="#ss8">ss(8)</a></h1> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">ss [option] [filter] +</code></pre> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">[option] + -p ..... Show process using socket + -l ..... Show sockets in listening state + -4/-6 .. Show IPv4/6 sockets + -x ..... Show unix sockets + -n ..... Show numeric ports (no resolve) + -O ..... Oneline output per socket +</code></pre> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">[filter] + dport/sport PORT .... Filter for destination/source port + dst/src ADDR ........ Filter for destination/source address + + and/or .............. Logic operator + ==/!= ............... Comparison operator + + (EXPR) .............. Group exprs +</code></pre> +<h1 id="examples-12"><a class="header" href="#examples-12">Examples</a></h1> +<p>Show all tcp IPv4 sockets connecting to port <code>443</code>:</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">ss -4 'dport 443' +</code></pre> +<p>Show all tcp IPv4 sockets that don't connect to port <code>443</code> or connect to address <code>1.2.3.4</code>.</p> +<pre><code class="language-markdown">ss -4 'dport != 443 or dst 1.2.3.4' +</code></pre> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="tcpdump1"><a class="header" href="#tcpdump1">tcpdump(1)</a></h1> <h1 id="cli-3"><a class="header" href="#cli-3">CLI</a></h1> <pre><code class="language-markdown">tcpdump [opts] -i <if> [<filter>] @@ -6319,7 +6392,7 @@ tcp/udp/icmp Filter for protocol. <blockquote> <p>Use <code>and/or/not</code> and <code>()</code> to build filter expressions.</p> </blockquote> -<h1 id="examples-12"><a class="header" href="#examples-12">Examples</a></h1> +<h1 id="examples-13"><a class="header" href="#examples-13">Examples</a></h1> <h2 id="capture-packets-from-remote-host"><a class="header" href="#capture-packets-from-remote-host">Capture packets from remote host</a></h2> <pre><code class="language-makrdown"># -k: Start capturing immediately. ssh <host> tcpdump -i any -w - | sudo wireshark -k -i - @@ -6351,7 +6424,7 @@ tcp/udp/ssh/wg/... Filter for protocol. <blockquote> <p>Use <code>tshak -G</code> to list all fields that can be used in display filters.</p> </blockquote> -<h1 id="examples-13"><a class="header" href="#examples-13">Examples</a></h1> +<h1 id="examples-14"><a class="header" href="#examples-14">Examples</a></h1> <h2 id="capture-and-filter-packet-to-file"><a class="header" href="#capture-and-filter-packet-to-file">Capture and filter packet to file</a></h2> <pre><code class="language-bash"># Capture TCP traffic with port 80 on interface eth0 to file. sudo tshark -i eht0 -f 'tcp and port 80' -w tx.pcap @@ -6393,7 +6466,7 @@ firewall-cmd --remove-port 8000/tcp # Remove rich rule. firewall-cmd --remove-rich-rule 'rule family="ipv4" forward-port port="80" protocol="tcp" to-port="8080"' </code></pre> -<h2 id="references-6"><a class="header" href="#references-6">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-7"><a class="header" href="#references-7">References</a></h2> <ul> <li>man <a href="https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewall-cmd.html">firewall-cmd(1)</a></li> <li>man <a href="https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewalld.html">firewalld(1)</a></li> @@ -7012,6 +7085,7 @@ const chart = new Chart( <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="arch"><a class="header" href="#arch">Arch</a></h1> <ul> <li><a href="arch/./x86_64.html">x86_64</a></li> +<li><a href="arch/./armv8.html">armv8</a></li> <li><a href="arch/./arm64.html">arm64</a></li> <li><a href="arch/./armv7.html">armv7</a></li> <li><a href="arch/./riscv.html">riscv</a></li> @@ -7337,7 +7411,7 @@ greeting_len: <pre><code class="language-bash">> gcc -o greet greet.s -nostartfiles -nostdlib && ./greet Hi ASM-World! </code></pre> -<h2 id="references-7"><a class="header" href="#references-7">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-8"><a class="header" href="#references-8">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://gitlab.com/x86-psABIs/x86-64-ABI">SystemV AMD64 ABI</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/24592.pdf">AMD64 Vol1: Application Programming</a></li> @@ -7352,7 +7426,50 @@ Hi ASM-World! <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/i386_002dDependent.html">GNU Assembler <code>x86_64</code> dependent features</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/johannst/juicebox-asm"><code>juicebox-asm</code> an <code>x86_64</code> jit assembler playground</a></li> </ul> +<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="armv8"><a class="header" href="#armv8">armv8</a></h1> +<p>keywords: aarch64, arm64, A64, aarch32, A32, T32, abi</p> +<p>The <code>armv8</code> architecture introduces support for 64-bit and defines two +<em>execution states</em> <code>aarch64</code> and <code>aarch32</code>.</p> +<p>Implementations are <strong>not</strong> required to implement all execution states for all +<em>exception levels (EL)</em>. For example the <a href="https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/arm_holdings/microarchitectures/cortex-a32">coretex-a32</a> only +implements <code>aarch32</code>, while the <a href="https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/arm_holdings/microarchitectures/cortex-a34">coretex-a34</a> only implements +<code>aarch64</code>.</p> +<p>The execution states support different instruction sets.</p> +<ul> +<li><code>aarch64</code> only supports the new <a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0602/latest"><code>A64</code></a> instruction set, where all +instructions have the fixed size of of 32 bits.</li> +<li><code>aarch32</code> supports the <a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0597/latest"><code>A32</code></a> and <a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0597/latest"><code>T32</code></a> instruction sets. These +are updated versions of the <code>armv7</code> instruction sets, kept backwards +compatible allowing <code>armv7</code> programs to run on <code>armv8</code>. +<blockquote> +<p>In <code>armv7</code> the instruction sets <code>A32</code> an <code>T32</code> were called <code>arm</code> and +<code>thumb</code> respectively.</p> +</blockquote> +</li> +</ul> +<p>A <em>program</em> always runs in either the <code>aarch64</code> or the <code>aarch32</code> execution +state, but never in a <em>mixture</em> of both. Transitions between execution states +only occur when raising or lowering the exception level.</p> +<ul> +<li><code>aarch64 -> aarch32</code> can only occur when switching from <em>higher EL</em> to <em>lower +EL</em>.</li> +<li><code>aarch32 -> aarch64</code> can only occur when switching from <em>lower EL</em> to <em>higher +EL</em>.</li> +</ul> +<p>The following figure depicts which execution state Transitions are allowed.</p> +<pre><code> (user) EL0 ^ | + (os) EL1 | 32->64 +(hypervisor) EL2 64->32 | + (secure) EL3 | v +</code></pre> +<p>This means for example, an <em>os</em> running in <code>aarch32</code> can only support <code>aarch32</code> +user applications, while an <em>os</em> running in <code>aarch64</code> can support +<code>aarch32 / aarch64</code> user applications.</p> <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="arm64"><a class="header" href="#arm64">arm64</a></h1> +<blockquote> +<p>This page only talks about the 64 bit part of the <code>armv8</code> architecture. For +an overview see <a href="arch/./armv8.html"><code>armv8</code></a>.</p> +</blockquote> <p>keywords: arm64, aarch64, abi</p> <ul> <li>64bit synonyms: <code>arm64</code>, <code>aarch64</code></li> @@ -7567,7 +7684,7 @@ Hi ASM-World! distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be required when compiling natively on arm64.</p> </blockquote> -<h2 id="references-8"><a class="header" href="#references-8">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-9"><a class="header" href="#references-9">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/master/aapcs64/aapcs64.rst">Procedure Call Standard ARM64</a></li> <li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/den0024/latest">ARMv8-A Programmer's Guide</a></li> @@ -7812,7 +7929,7 @@ Hi ASM-World! distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be required when compiling natively on arm.</p> </blockquote> -<h2 id="references-9"><a class="header" href="#references-9">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-10"><a class="header" href="#references-10">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/master/aapcs32/aapcs32.rst">Procedure Call Standard ARM</a></li> <li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/den0013/latest">ARMv7-A Programmer's Guide</a></li> @@ -7893,7 +8010,7 @@ distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be required when compiling natively on riscv.</p> <p>Select dynamic linker according to abi used during compile & link.</p> </blockquote> -<h2 id="references-10"><a class="header" href="#references-10">References</a></h2> +<h2 id="references-11"><a class="header" href="#references-11">References</a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as">GNU Assembler</a></li> <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/Pseudo-Ops.html#Pseudo-Ops">GNU Assembler Directives</a></li> |