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         <nav id="sidebar" class="sidebar" aria-label="Table of contents">
             <div class="sidebar-scrollbox">
-                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> gdbserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> dot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/ffmpeg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.15.</strong> ffmpeg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/column.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.16.</strong> column</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.17.</strong> sort</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/sed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.18.</strong> sed</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> time</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/callgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> callgrind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/acl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> acl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/zfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> zfs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tshark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> tshark</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/firewall-cmd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> firewall-cmd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/nftables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> nftables</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/html.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
+                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> gdbserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> dot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/ffmpeg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.15.</strong> ffmpeg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/column.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.16.</strong> column</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.17.</strong> sort</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="tools/sed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.18.</strong> sed</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/ps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> ps</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> time</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="trace_profile/callgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> callgrind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/acl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> acl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="linux/zfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> zfs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/tshark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> tshark</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/firewall-cmd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> firewall-cmd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="network/nftables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> nftables</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/html.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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             <div id="sidebar-resize-handle" class="sidebar-resize-handle">
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@@ -742,6 +742,9 @@ shell restart</li>
 <pre><code class="language-sh">$status      # exit code of last command
 $pipestatus  # list of exit codes of pipe chain
 
+$fish_pid    # pid of parent fish shell    ($$ in bash)
+$last_pid    # pid of last started process ($! in bash)
+
 $CMD_DURATION   # runtime of last command in ms
 </code></pre>
 <h3 id="lists"><a class="header" href="#lists">Lists</a></h3>
@@ -1073,6 +1076,11 @@ list-keys -t vi-copy                list keymaps for vi-copy mode
 | remote repository |
 +-------------------+
 </code></pre>
+<h2 id="clean"><a class="header" href="#clean">Clean</a></h2>
+<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git clean -X ......... remove only ignored files (-n for dry run)
+  git clean -f -d -x ... remove untracked &amp; ignored files / folders
+  git clean -e &lt;pat&gt; ... exclude pattern from deletion
+</code></pre>
 <h2 id="staging"><a class="header" href="#staging">Staging</a></h2>
 <pre><code class="language-markdown">  git add -p [&lt;file&gt;] ............ partial staging (interactive)
 </code></pre>
@@ -1100,6 +1108,16 @@ list-keys -t vi-copy                list keymaps for vi-copy mode
   git push origin --delete &lt;rbname&gt; .. delete branch &lt;rbname&gt; from origin (or
                                        other remote)
 </code></pre>
+<h2 id="update-local-from-remote"><a class="header" href="#update-local-from-remote">Update local from remote</a></h2>
+<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git fetch --prune .................. update all remote references and
+                                       remove delete non-existing ones
+                                       (does not merge into local tracking branch)
+  git pull [--rebase] ................ fetch remote references and merge into
+                                       local tracking branch (fast-forward by default).
+                                       Optionally rebase local tracking branch
+                                       on-top of remote branch (in case local
+                                       branch has additional commits compared to remote branch).
+</code></pre>
 <h2 id="tags"><a class="header" href="#tags">Tags</a></h2>
 <pre><code class="language-markdown">  git tag -a &lt;tname&gt; -m &quot;descr&quot; ........ creates an annotated tag (full object
                                          containing tagger, date, ...)
@@ -2649,6 +2667,7 @@ echo -e 'aafooaa\ncc' | sed 's/foo/MOOSE/'
 <li><a href="monitor/./ss.html">ss</a></li>
 <li><a href="monitor/./pidstat.html">pidstat</a></li>
 <li><a href="monitor/./pgrep.html">pgrep</a></li>
+<li><a href="monitor/./ps.html">ps</a></li>
 <li><a href="monitor/./pmap.html">pmap</a></li>
 <li><a href="monitor/./pstack.html">pstack</a></li>
 </ul>
@@ -2770,6 +2789,38 @@ major_pagefault: Happens when the page needed is NOT in memory, the kernel
 <p>For example attach gdb to newest zsh process from <code>$USER</code>.</p>
 <pre><code class="language-markdown">gdb -p $(pgrep -n -u $USER zsh)
 </code></pre>
+<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="ps1"><a class="header" href="#ps1">ps(1)</a></h1>
+<pre><code>ps [opt]
+  opt:
+    --no-header .... do not print column header
+    -o &lt;OUT&gt; ....... comma separated list of output columns
+    -p &lt;PID&gt; ....... only show pid
+    -T ............. list threads
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Set <code>PS_FORMAT</code> env variable to setup default output columns.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Frequently used output columns</p>
+<pre><code>pid        process id
+pgid       process group id
+tid        thread id
+
+comm       name of process
+cmd        name of process + args (full)
+
+etime      elapsed time (since process started)
+user       user owning process
+
+pcpu       cpu utilization (percent)
+pmem       physical resident set (rss) (percent)
+rss        physical memory (in kb)
+vsz        virtual memory (in kb)
+</code></pre>
+<h2 id="example-use-output-for-scripting"><a class="header" href="#example-use-output-for-scripting">Example: Use output for scripting</a></h2>
+<pre><code class="language-sh">for tid in $(ps -o tid --no-header -T -p 31084); do
+    taskset -c -p $tid;
+done
+</code></pre>
 <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="pmap1"><a class="header" href="#pmap1">pmap(1)</a></h1>
 <pre><code class="language-markdown">pmap [opts] &lt;pid&gt;
     Dump virtual memory map of process.
@@ -2844,12 +2895,18 @@ opts:
 <pre><code class="language-bash">ltrace -l '*libstdc++*' -C -o ltrace.log ./main
 </code></pre>
 <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="perf1"><a class="header" href="#perf1">perf(1)</a></h1>
-<pre><code class="language-markdown">perf list      show supported hw/sw events
+<pre><code>perf list     show supported hw/sw events &amp; metrics
+  -v ........ print longer event descriptions
+  --details . print information on the perf event names
+              and expressions used internally by events
 
 perf stat
-  -p &lt;pid&gt; .. show stats for running process
-  -I &lt;ms&gt; ... show stats periodically over interval &lt;ms&gt;
-  -e &lt;ev&gt; ... filter for events
+  -p &lt;pid&gt; ..... show stats for running process
+  -I &lt;ms&gt; ...... show stats periodically over interval &lt;ms&gt;
+  -e &lt;ev&gt; ...... select event(s)
+  -M &lt;met&gt; ..... print metric(s), this adds the metric events
+  --all-user ... configure all selected events for user space
+  --all-kernel . configure all selected events for kernel space
 
 perf top
   -p &lt;pid&gt; .. show stats for running process
@@ -2865,30 +2922,168 @@ perf record
                            dwarf: use .cfi debug information
                            lbr  : use hardware last branch record facility
   -g ..................... short-hand for --call-graph fp
-  -e &lt;ev&gt; ................ filter for events
+  -e &lt;ev&gt; ................ select event(s)
+  --all-user ... configure all selected events for user space
+  --all-kernel . configure all selected events for kernel space
 
 perf report
   -n .................... annotate symbols with nr of samples
   --stdio ............... report to stdio, if not presen tui mode
-  -g graph,0.5,caller ... show caller based call chains with value &gt;0.5
+  -g graph,0.5,callee ... show callee based call chains with value &gt;0.5
 </code></pre>
-<pre><code class="language-markdown">Useful &lt;ev&gt;:
+<pre><code>Useful &lt;ev&gt;:
   page-faults
   minor-faults
   major-faults
   cpu-cycles`
   task-clock
 </code></pre>
+<h2 id="select-specific-events"><a class="header" href="#select-specific-events">Select specific events</a></h2>
+<p>Events to sample are specified with the <code>-e</code> option, either pass a comma
+separated list or pass <code>-e</code> multiple times.</p>
+<p>Events are specified in the following form <code>name[:modifier]</code>. The list and
+description of the <code>modifier</code> can be found in the
+<a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/perf-list.1.html"><code>perf-list(1)</code></a> manpage under <code>EVENT MODIFIERS</code>.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh"># L1 i$ misses in user space
+# L2 i$ stats in user/kernel space mixed
+# Sample specified events.
+perf stat -e L1-icache-load-misses:u \
+          -e l2_rqsts.all_code_rd:uk,l2_rqsts.code_rd_hit:k,l2_rqsts.code_rd_miss:k \
+          -- stress -c 2
+</code></pre>
+<p>The <code>--all-user</code> and <code>--all-kernel</code> options append a <code>:u</code> and <code>:k</code> modifier to
+all specified events. Therefore the following two command lines are equivalent.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh"># 1)
+perf stat -e cycles:u,instructions:u -- ls
+
+# 2)
+perf stat --all-user -e cycles,instructions -- ls
+</code></pre>
+<h3 id="raw-events"><a class="header" href="#raw-events">Raw events</a></h3>
+<p>In case perf does not provide a <em>symbolic</em> name for an event, the event can be
+specified in a <em>raw</em> form as <code>r + UMask + EventCode</code>.</p>
+<p>The following is an example for the <a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon/blob/09c155f72e1b8f14b09aea346a35467a03a7d62b/SNB/events/sandybridge_core.json#L808">L2_RQSTS.CODE_RD_HIT</a> event
+with <code>EventCode=0x24</code> and <code>UMask=0x10</code> on my laptop with a <code>sandybridge</code> uarch.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh">perf stat -e l2_rqsts.code_rd_hit -e r1024 -- ls
+# Performance counter stats for 'ls':
+#
+#       33.942      l2_rqsts.code_rd_hit
+#       33.942      r1024
+</code></pre>
+<h3 id="find-raw-performance-counter-events-intel"><a class="header" href="#find-raw-performance-counter-events-intel">Find raw performance counter events (intel)</a></h3>
+<p>The <a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon"><code>intel/perfmon</code></a> repository provides a performance event
+databases for the different intel uarchs.</p>
+<p>The table in <a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon/blob/main/mapfile.csv"><code>mapfile.csv</code></a> can be used to lookup the
+corresponding uarch, just grab the family model from the procfs.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh"> cat /proc/cpuinfo | awk '/^vendor_id/  { V=$3 }
+                          /^cpu family/ { F=$4 }
+                          /^model\s*:/  { printf &quot;%s-%d-%x\n&quot;,V,F,$3 }'
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>The table in <a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon/tree/main#performance-monitoring-events">performance monitoring events</a> describes how
+events are sorted into the different files.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3 id="raw-events-for-perfs-own-symbolic-names"><a class="header" href="#raw-events-for-perfs-own-symbolic-names">Raw events for perfs own symbolic names</a></h3>
+<p>Perf also defines some own <em>symbolic</em> names for events. An example is the
+<code>cache-references</code> event. The <a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html"><code>perf_event_open(2)</code></a> manpage
+gives the following description.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-man">perf_event_open(2)
+
+PERF_COUNT_HW_CACHE_REFERENCES
+    Cache accesses.  Usually this indicates Last Level Cache accesses but this
+    may vary depending on your CPU.  This may include prefetches and coherency
+    messages; again this depends on the design of your CPU.
+</code></pre>
+<p>The <code>sysfs</code> can be consulted to get the concrete performance counter on the
+given system.</p>
+<pre><code class="language-sh">cat /sys/devices/cpu/events/cache-misses
+# event=0x2e,umask=0x41
+</code></pre>
 <h2 id="flamegraph"><a class="header" href="#flamegraph"><a href="https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph"><code>Flamegraph</code></a></a></h2>
 <h3 id="flamegraph-with-single-event-trace"><a class="header" href="#flamegraph-with-single-event-trace">Flamegraph with single event trace</a></h3>
-<pre><code class="language-markdown">perf record -g -e cpu-cycles -p &lt;pid&gt;
+<pre><code>perf record -g -e cpu-cycles -p &lt;pid&gt;
 perf script | FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl | FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl &gt; cycles-flamegraph.svg
 </code></pre>
 <h3 id="flamegraph-with-multiple-event-traces"><a class="header" href="#flamegraph-with-multiple-event-traces">Flamegraph with multiple event traces</a></h3>
-<pre><code class="language-markdown">perf record -g -e cpu-cycles,page-faults -p &lt;pid&gt;
+<pre><code class="language-sh">perf record -g -e cpu-cycles,page-faults -p &lt;pid&gt;
 perf script --per-event-dump
 # fold &amp; generate as above
 </code></pre>
+<h2 id="examples-10"><a class="header" href="#examples-10">Examples</a></h2>
+<h3 id="determine-theoretical-max-instructions-per-cycle"><a class="header" href="#determine-theoretical-max-instructions-per-cycle">Determine theoretical max instructions per cycle</a></h3>
+<pre><code class="language-c">#define NOP4        &quot;nop\nnop\nnop\nnop\n&quot;
+#define NOP32       NOP4   NOP4   NOP4   NOP4   NOP4   NOP4   NOP4   NOP4
+#define NOP256      NOP32  NOP32  NOP32  NOP32  NOP32  NOP32  NOP32  NOP32
+#define NOP2048     NOP256 NOP256 NOP256 NOP256 NOP256 NOP256 NOP256 NOP256
+
+int main() {
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i &lt; 2000000; ++i) {
+    asm volatile(NOP2048);
+  }
+}
+</code></pre>
+<pre><code class="language-sh">perf stat -e cycles,instructions ./noploop
+# Performance counter stats for './noploop':
+#
+#     1.031.075.940      cycles
+#     4.103.534.341      instructions       #    3,98  insn per cycle
+</code></pre>
+<h3 id="caller-vs-callee-callstacks"><a class="header" href="#caller-vs-callee-callstacks">Caller vs callee callstacks</a></h3>
+<p>The following gives an example for a scenario where we have the following calls</p>
+<ul>
+<li><code>main -&gt; do_foo() -&gt; do_work()</code></li>
+<li><code>main -&gt; do_bar() -&gt; do_work()</code></li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code class="language-sh">perf report --stdio -g graph,callee
+
+# Children      Self  Command  Shared Object         Symbols
+# ........  ........  .......  ....................  .................
+#
+#  49.71%    49.66%   bench    bench                 [.] do_work
+#          |
+#           --49.66%--_start                &lt;- callstack bottom
+#                     __libc_start_main
+#                     0x7ff366c62ccf
+#                     main
+#                     |
+#                     |--25.13%--do_bar
+#                     |          do_work    &lt;- callstack top
+#                     |
+#                      --24.53%--do_foo
+#                                do_work
+
+perf report --stdio -g graph,callee
+
+# Children      Self  Command  Shared Object         Symbols
+# ........  ........  .......  ....................  .................
+#
+#  49.71%    49.66%   bench    bench                 [.] do_work
+#          |
+#          ---do_work                       &lt;- callstack top
+#             |
+#             |--25.15%--do_bar
+#             |          main
+#             |          0x7ff366c62ccf
+#             |          __libc_start_main
+#             |          _start             &lt;- callstack bottom
+#             |
+#              --24.55%--do_foo
+#                        main
+#                        0x7ff366c62ccf
+#                        __libc_start_main
+#                        _start             &lt;- callstack bottom
+</code></pre>
+<h2 id="references-2"><a class="header" href="#references-2">References</a></h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon">intel/perfmon</a> - intel PMU event database per uarch</li>
+<li><a href="https://perfmon-events.intel.com/">intel/perfmon-html</a> - a html rendered version of the PMU events with search</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/intel/perfmon/blob/main/mapfile.csv">intel/perfmon/mapfile.csv</a> - processor family to uarch mapping</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/tools/perf/pmu-events/arch/x86">linux/perf/events</a> - x86 PMU events known to perf tools</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/arch/x86/events/intel/core.c">linux/arch/events</a> - x86 PMU events linux kernel</li>
+<li><a href="https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/WikiChip">wikichip</a> - computer architecture wiki</li>
+<li><a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/perf-list.1.html">perf-list(1)</a> - manpage</li>
+<li><a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/perf_event_open.2.html">perf_event_open(2)</a> - manpage</li>
+</ul>
 <div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="oprofile"><a class="header" href="#oprofile"><a href="https://oprofile.sourceforge.io/">OProfile</a></a></h1>
 <pre><code class="language-markdown">operf -g -p &lt;pid&gt;
   -g ...... caputre call-graph information
@@ -4508,7 +4703,7 @@ func_v0
 func_v1
 func_v2
 </code></pre>
-<h2 id="references-2"><a class="header" href="#references-2">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-3"><a class="header" href="#references-3">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://akkadia.org/drepper/symbol-versioning">ELF Symbol Versioning</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/VERSION.html">Binutils ld: Symbol Versioning</a></li>
@@ -4910,7 +5105,7 @@ journalctl --user -u test -n 5
     --disk-usage            Show current disk usage
     --vacuum-size=&lt;size&gt;    Reduce journal log to &lt;size&gt; (K/M/G)
 </code></pre>
-<h2 id="references-3"><a class="header" href="#references-3">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-4"><a class="header" href="#references-4">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/systemd.unit.5.html">man systemd.unit(5)</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/systemd.service.5.html">man systemd.service(5)</a></li>
@@ -5293,7 +5488,7 @@ group::r-x
 mask::r-x
 other::rwx
 </code></pre>
-<h2 id="references-4"><a class="header" href="#references-4">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-5"><a class="header" href="#references-5">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/acl.5.html">acl(5)</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/getfacl.1.html">getfacl(1)</a></li>
@@ -5542,7 +5737,7 @@ tcp/udp/icmp            Filter for protocol.
 <blockquote>
 <p>Use <code>and/or/not</code> and <code>()</code> to build filter expressions.</p>
 </blockquote>
-<h1 id="examples-10"><a class="header" href="#examples-10">Examples</a></h1>
+<h1 id="examples-11"><a class="header" href="#examples-11">Examples</a></h1>
 <h2 id="capture-packets-from-remote-host"><a class="header" href="#capture-packets-from-remote-host">Capture packets from remote host</a></h2>
 <pre><code class="language-makrdown"># -k: Start capturing immediately.
 ssh &lt;host&gt; tcpdump -i any -w - | sudo wireshark -k -i -
@@ -5574,7 +5769,7 @@ tcp/udp/ssh/wg/...             Filter for protocol.
 <blockquote>
 <p>Use <code>tshak -G</code> to list all fields that can be used in display filters.</p>
 </blockquote>
-<h1 id="examples-11"><a class="header" href="#examples-11">Examples</a></h1>
+<h1 id="examples-12"><a class="header" href="#examples-12">Examples</a></h1>
 <h2 id="capture-and-filter-packet-to-file"><a class="header" href="#capture-and-filter-packet-to-file">Capture and filter packet to file</a></h2>
 <pre><code class="language-bash"># Capture TCP traffic with port 80 on interface eth0 to file.
 sudo tshark -i eht0 -f 'tcp and port 80' -w tx.pcap
@@ -5616,7 +5811,7 @@ firewall-cmd --remove-port 8000/tcp
 # Remove rich rule.
 firewall-cmd --remove-rich-rule 'rule family=&quot;ipv4&quot; forward-port port=&quot;80&quot; protocol=&quot;tcp&quot; to-port=&quot;8080&quot;'
 </code></pre>
-<h2 id="references-5"><a class="header" href="#references-5">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-6"><a class="header" href="#references-6">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li>man <a href="https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewall-cmd.html">firewall-cmd(1)</a></li>
 <li>man <a href="https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewalld.html">firewalld(1)</a></li>
@@ -6317,7 +6512,7 @@ greeting_len:
 <pre><code class="language-bash">&gt; gcc -o greet greet.s -nostartfiles -nostdlib &amp;&amp; ./greet
 Hi ASM-World!
 </code></pre>
-<h2 id="references-6"><a class="header" href="#references-6">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-7"><a class="header" href="#references-7">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://www.uclibc.org/docs/psABI-x86_64.pdf">SystemV AMD64 ABI</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://www.amd.com/system/files/TechDocs/24592.pdf">AMD64 Vol1: Application Programming</a></li>
@@ -6547,7 +6742,7 @@ Hi ASM-World!
 distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be
 required when compiling natively on arm64.</p>
 </blockquote>
-<h2 id="references-7"><a class="header" href="#references-7">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-8"><a class="header" href="#references-8">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/master/aapcs64/aapcs64.rst">Procedure Call Standard ARM64</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/den0024/latest">ARMv8-A Programmer's Guide</a></li>
@@ -6792,7 +6987,7 @@ Hi ASM-World!
 distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be
 required when compiling natively on arm.</p>
 </blockquote>
-<h2 id="references-8"><a class="header" href="#references-8">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-9"><a class="header" href="#references-9">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/master/aapcs32/aapcs32.rst">Procedure Call Standard ARM</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/den0013/latest">ARMv7-A Programmer's Guide</a></li>
@@ -6873,7 +7068,7 @@ distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be
 required when compiling natively on riscv.</p>
 <p>Select dynamic linker according to abi used during compile &amp; link.</p>
 </blockquote>
-<h2 id="references-9"><a class="header" href="#references-9">References</a></h2>
+<h2 id="references-10"><a class="header" href="#references-10">References</a></h2>
 <ul>
 <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as">GNU Assembler</a></li>
 <li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/Pseudo-Ops.html#Pseudo-Ops">GNU Assembler Directives</a></li>