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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../shells/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Shells</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../shells/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../shells/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../shells/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> CLI foo</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/sed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> sed</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/column.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> column</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> sort</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/tr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> tr</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/tac.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> tac</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../cli/paste.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> paste</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/screen.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> screen</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.8.</strong> dot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/ffmpeg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.9.</strong> ffmpeg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/gnuplot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.10.</strong> gnuplot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/restic.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.11.</strong> restic</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/qrencode.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.12.</strong> qrencode</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Process management & inspection</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/ps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> ps</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.6.</strong> pstack</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/taskset.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.7.</strong> taskset</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../process/nice.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.8.</strong> nice</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> time</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/callgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> callgrind</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/valgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> valgrind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../debug/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Debug</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../debug/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../debug/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> gdbserver</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.6.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.7.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.8.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.9.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.10.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.11.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.12.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/acl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.7.</strong> acl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/zfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.8.</strong> zfs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cpufreq.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.9.</strong> cpufreq</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cups.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.10.</strong> cups</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/ssh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.1.</strong> ssh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.3.</strong> tcpdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/tshark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.4.</strong> tshark</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/firewall-cmd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.5.</strong> firewall-cmd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/nftables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">10.6.</strong> nftables</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/html.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.1.</strong> html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/plotly.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">11.4.</strong> plotly</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/armv8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.2.</strong> armv8</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/arm64.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.3.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.4.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">12.5.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="arm64"><a class="header" href="#arm64">arm64</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>This page only talks about the 64 bit part of the <code>armv8</code> architecture. For
an overview see <a href="./armv8.html"><code>armv8</code></a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>keywords: arm64, aarch64, abi</p>
<ul>
<li>64bit synonyms: <code>arm64</code>, <code>aarch64</code></li>
<li>ISA type: <code>RISC</code></li>
<li>Endianness: <code>little</code>, <code>big</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="registers"><a class="header" href="#registers">Registers</a></h2>
<h3 id="general-purpose-registers"><a class="header" href="#general-purpose-registers">General purpose registers</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">bytes
[7:0] [3:0] desc
---------------------------------------------
x0-x28 w0-w28 general purpose registers
x29 w29 frame pointer (FP)
x30 w30 link register (LR)
sp wsp stack pointer (SP)
pc program counter (PC)
xzr wzr zero register
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Write to <code>wN</code> register clears upper 32bit.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="special-registers-per-el"><a class="header" href="#special-registers-per-el">Special registers per EL</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">bytes
[7:0] desc
---------------------------------------------
sp_el0 stack pointer EL0
sp_el1 stack pointer EL1
elr_el1 exception link register EL1
spsr_el1 saved process status register EL1
sp_el2 stack pointer EL2
elr_el2 exception link register EL2
spsr_el2 saved process status register EL2
sp_el3 stack pointer EL3
elr_el3 exception link register EL3
spsr_el3 saved process status register EL3
</code></pre>
<h2 id="instructions-cheatsheet"><a class="header" href="#instructions-cheatsheet">Instructions cheatsheet</a></h2>
<h3 id="accessing-system-registers"><a class="header" href="#accessing-system-registers">Accessing system registers</a></h3>
<p>Reading from system registers:</p>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">mrs x0, vbar_el1 // move vbar_el1 into x0
</code></pre>
<p>Writing to system registers:</p>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">msr vbar_el1, x0 // move x0 into vbar_el1
</code></pre>
<h3 id="control-flow"><a class="header" href="#control-flow">Control Flow</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">b <offset> // relative forward/back branch
br <Xn> // absolute branch to address in register Xn
// branch & link, store return address in X30 (LR)
bl <offset> // relative forward/back branch
blr <Xn> // absolute branch to address in register Xn
ret {Xn} // return to address in X30, or Xn if supplied
</code></pre>
<h2 id="addressing"><a class="header" href="#addressing">Addressing</a></h2>
<h3 id="offset"><a class="header" href="#offset">Offset</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">ldr x0, [x1] // x0 = [x1]
ldr x0, [x1, 8] // x0 = [x1 + 8]
ldr x0, [x1, x2, lsl #3] // x0 = [x1 + (x2<<3)]
ldr x0, [x1, w2, stxw] // x0 = [x1 + sign_ext(w2)]
ldr x0, [x1, w2, stxw #3] // x0 = [x1 + (sign_ext(w2)<<3)]
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Shift amount can either be <code>0</code> or <code>log2(access_size_bytes)</code>. Eg for 8byte
access it can either be <code>{0, 3}</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="index"><a class="header" href="#index">Index</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">ldr x0, [x1, 8]! // pre-inc : x1+=8; x0 = [x1]
ldr x0, [x1], 8 // post-inc: x0 = [x1]; x1+=8
</code></pre>
<h3 id="pair-access"><a class="header" href="#pair-access">Pair access</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">ldp x1, x2, [x0] // x1 = [x0]; x2 = [x0 + 8]
stp x1, x2, [x0] // [x0] = x1; [x0 + 8] = x2
</code></pre>
<h2 id="procedure-call-standard-arm64-aapcs64"><a class="header" href="#procedure-call-standard-arm64-aapcs64">Procedure Call Standard ARM64 (<a href="https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/master/aapcs64/aapcs64.rst"><code>aapcs64</code></a>)</a></h2>
<h3 id="passing-arguments-to-functions"><a class="header" href="#passing-arguments-to-functions">Passing arguments to functions</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>Integer/Pointer arguments
<pre><code class="language-markdown">reg arg
-----------
x0 1
.. ..
x7 8
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Additional arguments are passed on the stack. Arguments are pushed
<code>right-to-left (RTL)</code>, meaning next arguments are closer to current <code>sp</code>.
<pre><code class="language-markdown">void take(..., int a9, int a10);
| | | ... | Hi
| +-->| a10 | |
+---------->| a9 | <-SP |
+-----+ v
| ... | Lo
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="return-values-from-functions"><a class="header" href="#return-values-from-functions">Return values from functions</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>Integer/Pointer return values
<pre><code class="language-markdown">reg size
-----------------
x0 64 bit
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="callee-saved-registers"><a class="header" href="#callee-saved-registers">Callee saved registers</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><code>x19</code> - <code>x28</code></li>
<li><code>SP</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="stack"><a class="header" href="#stack">Stack</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>full descending
<ul>
<li>full: <code>sp</code> points to the last used location (valid item)</li>
<li>descending: stack grows downwards</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>sp</code> must be 16byte aligned when used to access memory for r/w</li>
<li><code>sp</code> must be 16byte aligned on public interface interfaces</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="frame-chain"><a class="header" href="#frame-chain">Frame chain</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>linked list of stack-frames</li>
<li>each frame links to the frame of its caller by a <code>frame record</code>
<ul>
<li>a frame record is described as a <code>(FP,LR)</code> pair</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>x29 (FP)</code> must point to the frame record of the current stack-frame
<pre><code class="language-markdown"> +------+ Hi
| 0 | frame0 |
+->| 0 | |
| | ... | |
| +------+ |
| | LR | frame1 |
+--| FP |<-+ |
| ... | | |
+------+ | |
| LR | | current |
x29 ->| FP |--+ frame v
| ... | Lo
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>end of the frame chain is indicated by following frame record <code>(0,-)</code></li>
<li>location of the frame record in the stack frame is not specified</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="function-prologue--epilogue"><a class="header" href="#function-prologue--epilogue">Function prologue & epilogue</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>prologue
<pre><code class="language-armasm">sub sp, sp, 16
stp x29, x30, [sp] // [sp] = x29; [sp + 8] = x30
mov x29, sp // FP points to frame record
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>epilogue
<pre><code class="language-armasm">ldp x29, x30, [sp] // x29 = [sp]; x30 = [sp + 8]
add sp, sp, 16
ret
</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="asm-skeleton"><a class="header" href="#asm-skeleton">ASM skeleton</a></h2>
<p>Small assembler skeleton, ready to use with following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li>use raw Linux syscalls (<code>man 2 syscall</code> for ABI)</li>
<li>no <code>C runtime (crt)</code></li>
<li>gnu assembler <a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as"><code>gas</code></a></li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-armasm">// file: greet.S
#include <asm/unistd.h> // syscall NRs
.arch armv8-a
.section .text, "ax", @progbits
.balign 4 // align code on 4byte boundary
.global _start
_start:
mov x0, 2 // fd
ldr x1, =greeting // buf
ldr x2, =greeting_len // &len
ldr x2, [x2] // len
mov w8, __NR_write // write(2) syscall
svc 0
mov x0, 0 // exit code
mov w8, __NR_exit // exit(2) syscall
svc 0
.balign 8 // align data on 8byte boundary
.section .rodata, "a", @progbits
greeting:
.asciz "Hi ASM-World!\n"
greeting_len:
.int .-greeting
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>man gcc: <code>file.S</code> assembler code that must be preprocessed.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>To cross-compile and run:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">> aarch64-linux-gnu-g++ -o greet greet.S -nostartfiles -nostdlib \
-Wl,--dynamic-linker=/usr/aarch64-linux-gnu/lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1 \
&& qemu-aarch64 ./greet
Hi ASM-World!
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Cross-compiling on <code>Ubuntu 20.04 (x86_64)</code>, paths might differ on other
distributions. Explicitly specifying the dynamic linker should not be
required when compiling natively on arm64.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="references"><a class="header" href="#references">References</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/master/aapcs64/aapcs64.rst">Procedure Call Standard ARM64</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/den0024/latest">ARMv8-A Programmer's Guide</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0487/latest">ARMv8-A Architecture Reference Manual</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/dai0527/latest">AppNote: ARMv8 Bare-metal boot code</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as">GNU Assembler</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/Pseudo-Ops.html#Pseudo-Ops">GNU Assembler Directives</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/as/AArch64_002dDependent.html">GNU Assembler <code>AArch64</code> dependent features</a></li>
<li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0602/latest/Base-Instructions">ARM64-A Instruction Browser</a></li>
</ul>
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