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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> time</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li 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href="../linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/html.html"><strong 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<h1 id="make1"><a class="header" href="#make1">make(1)</a></h1>
<h2 id="anatomy-of-make-rules"><a class="header" href="#anatomy-of-make-rules">Anatomy of <code>make</code> rules</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-make">target .. : prerequisite ..
recipe
..
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>target</code>: an output generated by the rule</li>
<li><code>prerequisite</code>: an input that is used to generate the target</li>
<li><code>recipe</code>: list of actions to generate the output from the input</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Use <code>make -p</code> to print all rules and variables (implicitly + explicitly defined).</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="pattern-rules--automatic-variables"><a class="header" href="#pattern-rules--automatic-variables">Pattern rules & Automatic variables</a></h2>
<h3 id="pattern-rules"><a class="header" href="#pattern-rules">Pattern rules</a></h3>
<p>A pattern rule contains the <code>%</code> char (exactly one of them) and look like this example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">%.o : %.c
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
</code></pre>
<p>The target matches files of the pattern <code>%.o</code>, where <code>%</code> matches any none-empty
substring and other character match just them self.</p>
<p>The substring matched by <code>%</code> is called the <code>stem</code>.</p>
<p><code>%</code> in the prerequisite stands for the matched <code>stem</code> in the target.</p>
<h3 id="automatic-variables"><a class="header" href="#automatic-variables">Automatic variables</a></h3>
<p>As targets and prerequisites in pattern rules can't be spelled explicitly in
the recipe, make provides a set of automatic variables to work with:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$@</code>: Name of the target that triggered the rule.</li>
<li><code>$<</code>: Name of the first prerequisite.</li>
<li><code>$^</code>: Names of all prerequisites (without duplicates).</li>
<li><code>$+</code>: Names of all prerequisites (with duplicates).</li>
<li><code>$*</code>: Stem of the pattern rule.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-make"># file: Makefile
all: foobar blabla
foo% bla%: aaa bbb bbb
@echo "@ = $@"
@echo "< = $<"
@echo "^ = $^"
@echo "+ = $+"
@echo "* = $*"
@echo "----"
aaa:
bbb:
</code></pre>
<p>Running above <code>Makefile</code> gives:</p>
<pre><code class="language-test">@ = foobar
< = aaa
^ = aaa bbb
+ = aaa bbb bbb
* = bar
----
@ = blabla
< = aaa
^ = aaa bbb
+ = aaa bbb bbb
* = bla
----
</code></pre>
<p>Variables related to filesystem paths:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$(CURDIR)</code>: Path of current working dir after using <code>make -C path</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="useful-functions"><a class="header" href="#useful-functions">Useful functions</a></h2>
<h3 id="substitution-references"><a class="header" href="#substitution-references">Substitution references</a></h3>
<p>Substitute strings matching pattern in a list.</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.o l.a c.o
out := $(in:.o=.c)
# => out = a.c l.a c.c
</code></pre>
<h3 id="filter"><a class="header" href="#filter"><code>filter</code></a></h3>
<p>Keep strings matching a pattern in a list.</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.a b.b c.c d.d
out := $(filter %.b %.c, $(in))
# => out = b.b c.c
</code></pre>
<h3 id="filter-out"><a class="header" href="#filter-out"><code>filter-out</code></a></h3>
<p>Remove strings matching a pattern from a list.</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.a b.b c.c d.d
out := $(filter-out %.b %.c, $(in))
# => out = a.a d.d
</code></pre>
<h3 id="abspath"><a class="header" href="#abspath"><code>abspath</code></a></h3>
<p>Resolve each file name as absolute path (don't resolve symlinks).</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">$(abspath fname1 fname2 ..)
### `realpath`
Resolve each file name as canonical path.
```make
$(realpath fname1 fname2 ..)
</code></pre>
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