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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> time</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="make1"><a class="header" href="#make1">make(1)</a></h1>
<h2 id="anatomy-of-make-rules"><a class="header" href="#anatomy-of-make-rules">Anatomy of <code>make</code> rules</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-make">target .. : prerequisite ..
recipe
..
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code>target</code>: an output generated by the rule</li>
<li><code>prerequisite</code>: an input that is used to generate the target</li>
<li><code>recipe</code>: list of actions to generate the output from the input</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>Use <code>make -p</code> to print all rules and variables (implicitly + explicitly defined).</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="pattern-rules--automatic-variables"><a class="header" href="#pattern-rules--automatic-variables">Pattern rules & Automatic variables</a></h2>
<h3 id="pattern-rules"><a class="header" href="#pattern-rules">Pattern rules</a></h3>
<p>A pattern rule contains the <code>%</code> char (exactly one of them) and look like this example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">%.o : %.c
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
</code></pre>
<p>The target matches files of the pattern <code>%.o</code>, where <code>%</code> matches any none-empty
substring and other character match just them self.</p>
<p>The substring matched by <code>%</code> is called the <code>stem</code>.</p>
<p><code>%</code> in the prerequisite stands for the matched <code>stem</code> in the target.</p>
<h3 id="automatic-variables"><a class="header" href="#automatic-variables">Automatic variables</a></h3>
<p>As targets and prerequisites in pattern rules can't be spelled explicitly in
the recipe, make provides a set of automatic variables to work with:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$@</code>: Name of the target that triggered the rule.</li>
<li><code>$<</code>: Name of the first prerequisite.</li>
<li><code>$^</code>: Names of all prerequisites (without duplicates).</li>
<li><code>$+</code>: Names of all prerequisites (with duplicates).</li>
<li><code>$*</code>: Stem of the pattern rule.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-make"># file: Makefile
all: foobar blabla
foo% bla%: aaa bbb bbb
@echo "@ = $@"
@echo "< = $<"
@echo "^ = $^"
@echo "+ = $+"
@echo "* = $*"
@echo "----"
aaa:
bbb:
</code></pre>
<p>Running above <code>Makefile</code> gives:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">@ = foobar
< = aaa
^ = aaa bbb
+ = aaa bbb bbb
* = bar
----
@ = blabla
< = aaa
^ = aaa bbb
+ = aaa bbb bbb
* = bla
----
</code></pre>
<p>Variables related to filesystem paths:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$(CURDIR)</code>: Path of current working dir after using <code>make -C path</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="arguments"><a class="header" href="#arguments">Arguments</a></h2>
<p>Arguments specified on the command line <em>override</em> ordinary variable
assignments in the makefile (<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Overriding.html">overriding variables</a>).</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">VAR = abc
all:
@echo VAR=$(VAR)
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-text"># make
VAR=abc
# make VAR=123
VAR=123
</code></pre>
<h2 id="useful-functions"><a class="header" href="#useful-functions">Useful functions</a></h2>
<h3 id="substitution-references"><a class="header" href="#substitution-references">Substitution references</a></h3>
<p>Substitute strings matching pattern in a list.</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.o l.a c.o
out := $(in:.o=.c)
# => out = a.c l.a c.c
</code></pre>
<h3 id="patsubst-ref"><a class="header" href="#patsubst-ref"><code>patsubst</code> (<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Text-Functions.html#index-patsubst-1">ref</a>)</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.c b.c
out := $(patsubst %.c, build/%.o, $(in))
# => out = build/a.o build/b.o
# This is actually equivalent to $(in:%.c=build/%.o)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="filter"><a class="header" href="#filter"><code>filter</code></a></h3>
<p>Keep strings matching a pattern in a list.</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.a b.b c.c d.d
out := $(filter %.b %.c, $(in))
# => out = b.b c.c
</code></pre>
<h3 id="filter-out"><a class="header" href="#filter-out"><code>filter-out</code></a></h3>
<p>Remove strings matching a pattern from a list.</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">in := a.a b.b c.c d.d
out := $(filter-out %.b %.c, $(in))
# => out = a.a d.d
</code></pre>
<h3 id="abspath"><a class="header" href="#abspath"><code>abspath</code></a></h3>
<p>Resolve each file name as absolute path (don't resolve symlinks).</p>
<pre><code class="language-make">$(abspath fname1 fname2 ..)
### `realpath`
Resolve each file name as canonical path.
```make
$(realpath fname1 fname2 ..)
</code></pre>
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