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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/bash.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded 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Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> time</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> python</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li 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<h1 id="bash1"><a class="header" href="#bash1">bash(1)</a></h1>
<h2 id="expansion"><a class="header" href="#expansion">Expansion</a></h2>
<h3 id="generator"><a class="header" href="#generator">Generator</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># generate sequence from n to m
{n..m}
# generate sequence from n to m step by s
{n..m..s}
# expand cartesian product
{a,b}{c,d}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="parameter"><a class="header" href="#parameter">Parameter</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># default value
bar=${foo:-some_val} # if $foo set, then bar=$foo else bar=some_val
# alternate value
bar=${foo:+bla $foo} # if $foo set, then bar="bla $foo" else bar=""
# check param set
bar=${foo:?msg} # if $foo set, then bar=$foo else exit and print msg
# indirect
FOO=foo
BAR=FOO
bar=${!BAR} # deref value of BAR -> bar=$FOO
# prefix
${foo#prefix} # remove prefix when expanding $foo
# suffix
${foo%suffix} # remove suffix when expanding $foo
# substitute
${foo/pattern/string} # replace pattern with string when expanding foo
# pattern starts with
# '/' replace all occurences of pattern
# '#' pattern match at beginning
# '%' pattern match at end
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: <code>prefix</code>/<code>suffix</code>/<code>pattern</code> are expanded as <a href="#pathname">pathnames</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="pathname"><a class="header" href="#pathname">Pathname</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">* match any string
? match any single char
\\ match backslash
[abc] match any char of 'a' 'b' 'c'
[a-z] match any char between 'a' - 'z'
[^ab] negate, match all not 'a' 'b'
[:class:] match any char in class, available:
alnum,alpha,ascii,blank,cntrl,digit,graph,lower,
print,punct,space,upper,word,xdigit
</code></pre>
<p>With <code>extglob</code> shell option enabled it is possible to have more powerful
patterns. In the following <code>pattern-list</code> is one ore more patterns separated
by <code>|</code> char.</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">?(pattern-list) matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
*(pattern-list) matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
+(pattern-list) matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
@(pattern-list) matches one of the given patterns
!(pattern-list) matches anything except one of the given patterns
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: <code>shopt -s extglob</code>/<code>shopt -u extglob</code> to enable/disable <code>extglob</code>
option.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="io-redirection"><a class="header" href="#io-redirection">I/O redirection</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: The trick with bash I/O redirection is to interpret from left-to-right.</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># stdout & stderr to file
command >file 2>&1
# equivalent
command &>file
# stderr to stdout & stdout to file
command 2>&1 >file
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>The article <a href="https://catonmat.net/bash-one-liners-explained-part-three">Bash One-Liners Explained, Part III: All about
redirections</a>
contains some nice visualization to explain bash redirections.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="explanation"><a class="header" href="#explanation">Explanation</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">j>&i
</code></pre>
<p>Duplicate <code>fd i</code> to <code>fd j</code>, making <code>j</code> a copy of <code>i</code>. See <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/dup.2.html">dup2(2)</a>.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">command 2>&1 >file
</code></pre>
<ol>
<li>duplicate <code>fd 1</code> to <code>fd 2</code>, effectively redirecting <code>stderr</code> to <code>stdout</code></li>
<li>redirect <code>stdout</code> to <code>file</code></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="argument-parsing-with-getopts"><a class="header" href="#argument-parsing-with-getopts">Argument parsing with <code>getopts</code></a></h2>
<p>The <code>getopts</code> builtin uses following global variables:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>OPTARG</code>, value of last option argument</li>
<li><code>OPTIND</code>, index of the next argument to process (user must reset)</li>
<li><code>OPTERR</code>, display errors if set to <code>1</code></li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">getopts <optstring> <param> [<args>]
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li><code><optstring></code> specifies the names of supported options, eg <code>f:c</code>
<ul>
<li><code>f:</code> means <code>-f</code> option with an argument</li>
<li><code>c</code> means <code>-c</code> option without an argument</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code><param></code> specifies a variable name which <code>getopts</code> fills with the last parsed option argument</li>
<li><code><args></code> optionally specify argument string to parse, by default <code>getopts</code> parses <code>$@</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="example"><a class="header" href="#example">Example</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash">#!/bin/bash
function parse_args() {
while getopts "f:c" PARAM; do
case $PARAM in
f) echo "GOT -f $OPTARG";;
c) echo "GOT -c";;
*) echo "ERR: print usage"; exit 1;;
esac
done
# users responsibility to reset OPTIND
OPTIND=1
}
parse_args -f xxx -c
parse_args -f yyy
</code></pre>
<h2 id="regular-expressions"><a class="header" href="#regular-expressions">Regular Expressions</a></h2>
<p>Bash supports regular expression matching with the binary operator <code>=~</code>.
The match results can be accessed via the <code>$BASH_REMATCH</code> variable:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>${BASH_REMATCH[0]}</code> contains the full match</li>
<li><code>${BASH_REMATCH[1]}</code> contains match of the first capture group</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-bash">INPUT='title foo : 1234'
REGEX='^title (.+) : ([0-9]+)$'
if [[ $INPUT =~ $REGEX ]]; then
echo "${BASH_REMATCH[0]}" # title foo : 1234
echo "${BASH_REMATCH[1]}" # foo
echo "${BASH_REMATCH[2]}" # 1234
fi
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Caution</strong>: When specifying a <code>regex</code> in the <code>[[ ]]</code> block directly, quotes will be treated as part of the pattern.
<code>[[ $INPUT =~ "foo" ]]</code> will match against <code>"foo"</code> not <code>foo</code>!</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="completion"><a class="header" href="#completion">Completion</a></h2>
<p>The <code>complete</code> builtin is used to interact with the completion system.</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">complete # print currently installed completion handler
complete -F <func> <cmd> # install <func> as completion handler for <cmd>
complete -r <cmd> # uninstall completion handler for <cmd>
</code></pre>
<p>Variables available in completion functions:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># in
$1 # <cmd>
$2 # current word
$3 # privous word
COMP_WORDS # array with current command line words
COMP_CWORD # index into COMP_WORDS with current cursor position
# out
COMPREPLY # array with possible completions
</code></pre>
<p>The <code>compgen</code> builtin is used to generate possible matches by comparing <code>word</code>
against words generated by <code>option</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">compgen <option> <word>
# usefule options:
# -W <list> specify list of possible completions
# -d generate list with dirs
# -f generate list with files
# -u generate list with users
# -e generate list with exported variables
# compare "f" against words "foo" "foobar" "bar" and generate matches
compgen -W "foo foobar bar" "f"
# compare "hom" against file/dir names and generate matches
compgen -d -f "hom"
</code></pre>
<h3 id="example-1"><a class="header" href="#example-1">Example</a></h3>
<p>Skeleton to copy/paste for writing simple completions.</p>
<p>Assume a program <code>foo</code> with the following interface:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">foo -c green|red|blue -s low|high -f <file> -h
</code></pre>
<p>The completion handler could be implemented as follows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">function _foo() {
local curr=$2
local prev=$3
local opts="-c -s -f -h"
case $prev in
-c) COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "green red blue" -- $curr) );;
-s) COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "low high" -- $curr) );;
-f) COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -f -- $curr) );;
*) COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "$opts" -- $curr) );;
esac
}
complete -F _foo foo
</code></pre>
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