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# Hello dynamic linking
In `dynamic linking` a program can use code that is not contained in the
program file itself but rather in separate library files, so called shared
objects.
In comparison a statically linked program contains all the `code` & `data` that
it needs to run from start until completion. The program will be loaded by the
Linux Kernel from the disk into the virtual address space and control is handed
over to the mapped program which then executes.
```text
@vm
| |
@disk |--------|
+--------+ execve(2) | | <- $rip
| prog A | ------------> | prog A |
+--------+ | |
|--------|
| |
```
A dynamically linked program on the other hand needs to specify a `dynamic
linker` which is basically a runtime interpreter. The Linux Kernel will
additionally load that interpreter into the virtual address space and give
control to the interpreter rather than the user program.
The interpreter will prepare the execution environment for the user program
and pass control to it afterwards.
Typical tasks of the interpreter are:
- loading shared objects into memory
- performing re-location
- running initialization routines
```text
@vm @vm
| | | |
@disk |--------| |----------|
+--------------+ execve(2) | | | | <- $rip
| prog A | ------------> | prog A | | prog A |
+--------------+ | | load deps | |
| interp ldso | |--------| ------------> |----------|
+--------------+ | | | |
| dep libgreet | |--------| |----------|
+--------------+ | ldso | <- $rip | ldso |
|--------| |----------|
| |
|----------|
| libgreet |
|----------|
```
> NOTE: Technically the Linux Kernel does not need to load the dynamically
> linked user program itself, but that detail is not important here.
In the `ELF` binary format the name of the dynamic linker is specified as a
string in the special section `.interp`.
```bash
readelf -W --string-dump .interp main
String dump of section '.interp':
[ 0] /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
```
The `.interp` section is referenced by the `PT_INTERP` segment in the program
headers. This segment is used by the Linux Kernel during the `execve(2)`
syscall in the [`load_elf_binary`][load_elf_binary] function to check if the
program needs a dynamic linker and if so to retrieve its name.
```bash
readelf -W --sections --program-headers main
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Address Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
[ 0] NULL 0000000000000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 00000000000002a8 0002a8 00001c 00 A 0 0 1
...
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align
PHDR 0x000040 0x0000000000000040 0x0000000000000040 0x000268 0x000268 R 0x8
INTERP 0x0002a8 0x00000000000002a8 0x00000000000002a8 0x00001c 0x00001c R 0x1
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]
...
```
With the use of `gdb` it can be easily verified that the control is first
passed to the dynamic linker and not the user program. This is shown by
stopping at the first instruction of the new process (`starti`) and examining
the backtrace (`bt`). Where `ld-linux-x86-64.so` is the dynamic linker as shown
in the `.interp` section above.
```bash
gdb -q --batch -ex 'starti' -ex 'bt' ./main
Program stopped.
0x00007ffff7fd2090 in _start () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#0 0x00007ffff7fd2090 in _start () from /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
#1 0x0000000000000001 in ?? ()
#2 0x00007fffffffe43e in ?? ()
#3 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()
```
> NOTE: Frames `#1 - #3` don't actually exist, gdb's unwinder just tried to further unwind the stack.
## Things to remember
- Dynamically linked programs use code contained in separate library files.
- The `dynamic linker` is an interpreter loaded by the Linux Kernel and gets
control before the user program.
- A dynamically linked program specifies the dynamic linker needed in the
`.interp` section.
[load_elf_binary]: https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.9.8/source/fs/binfmt_elf.c#L850
|
