ch3: added LLVM IR code genchapter3

- Added safe wrapper around LLVM C API
- Added codegen module to emit LLVM IR for the AST
- Update the main repl loop to codegen LLVM IR

7 files changed, 923 insertions, 15 deletions

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index dd2a11a..ece31e8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3,5 +3,105 @@
 version = 3
 
 [[package]]
+name = "aho-corasick"
+version = "0.7.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e37cfd5e7657ada45f742d6e99ca5788580b5c529dc78faf11ece6dc702656f"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cc"
+version = "1.0.70"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d26a6ce4b6a484fa3edb70f7efa6fc430fd2b87285fe8b84304fd0936faa0dc0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lazy_static"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.101"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3cb00336871be5ed2c8ed44b60ae9959dc5b9f08539422ed43f09e34ecaeba21"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "llvm-kaleidoscope-rs"
 version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "llvm-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "llvm-sys"
+version = "120.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b4a810627ac62b396f5fd2214ba9bbd8748d4d6efdc4d2c1c1303ea7a75763ce"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "libc",
+ "regex",
+ "semver",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "memchr"
+version = "2.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "308cc39be01b73d0d18f82a0e7b2a3df85245f84af96fdddc5d202d27e47b86a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pest"
+version = "2.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "10f4872ae94d7b90ae48754df22fd42ad52ce740b8f370b03da4835417403e53"
+dependencies = [
+ "ucd-trie",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "1.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d07a8629359eb56f1e2fb1652bb04212c072a87ba68546a04065d525673ac461"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "memchr",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-syntax"
+version = "0.6.25"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f497285884f3fcff424ffc933e56d7cbca511def0c9831a7f9b5f6153e3cc89b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "semver"
+version = "0.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f301af10236f6df4160f7c3f04eec6dbc70ace82d23326abad5edee88801c6b6"
+dependencies = [
+ "semver-parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "semver-parser"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "00b0bef5b7f9e0df16536d3961cfb6e84331c065b4066afb39768d0e319411f7"
+dependencies = [
+ "pest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ucd-trie"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56dee185309b50d1f11bfedef0fe6d036842e3fb77413abef29f8f8d1c5d4c1c"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e345bab..9bcbe8b 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,3 +4,5 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2018"
 
 [dependencies]
+libc     = "0.2"
+llvm-sys = {version = "120.1", features = ["strict-versioning"]}
diff --git a/src/codegen.rs b/src/codegen.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..866aab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/codegen.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::llvm::{Builder, FnValue, Module, Value};
+use crate::parser::{ExprAST, FunctionAST, PrototypeAST};
+use crate::Either;
+
+type CodegenResult<T> = Result<T, String>;
+
+/// Code generator from kaleidoscope AST to LLVM IR.
+pub struct Codegen<'llvm, 'a> {
+    module: &'llvm Module,
+    builder: &'a Builder<'llvm>,
+}
+
+impl<'llvm, 'a> Codegen<'llvm, 'a> {
+    /// Compile either a [`PrototypeAST`] or a [`FunctionAST`] into the LLVM `module`.
+    pub fn compile(
+        module: &'llvm Module,
+        compilee: Either<&PrototypeAST, &FunctionAST>,
+    ) -> CodegenResult<FnValue<'llvm>> {
+        let cg = Codegen {
+            module,
+            builder: &Builder::with_ctx(module),
+        };
+        let mut variables = HashMap::new();
+
+        match compilee {
+            Either::A(proto) => Ok(cg.codegen_prototype(proto)),
+            Either::B(func) => cg.codegen_function(func, &mut variables),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn codegen_expr(
+        &self,
+        expr: &ExprAST,
+        named_values: &mut HashMap<&'llvm str, Value<'llvm>>,
+    ) -> CodegenResult<Value<'llvm>> {
+        match expr {
+            ExprAST::Number(num) => Ok(self.module.type_f64().const_f64(*num)),
+            ExprAST::Variable(name) => match named_values.get(name.as_str()) {
+                Some(value) => Ok(*value),
+                None => Err("Unknown variable name".into()),
+            },
+            ExprAST::Binary(binop, lhs, rhs) => {
+                let l = self.codegen_expr(lhs, named_values)?;
+                let r = self.codegen_expr(rhs, named_values)?;
+
+                match binop {
+                    '+' => Ok(self.builder.fadd(l, r)),
+                    '-' => Ok(self.builder.fsub(l, r)),
+                    '*' => Ok(self.builder.fmul(l, r)),
+                    '<' => {
+                        let res = self.builder.fcmpult(l, r);
+                        // Turn bool into f64.
+                        Ok(self.builder.uitofp(res, self.module.type_f64()))
+                    }
+                    _ => Err("invalid binary operator".into()),
+                }
+            }
+            ExprAST::Call(callee, args) => match self.module.get_fn(callee) {
+                Some(callee) => {
+                    if callee.args() != args.len() {
+                        return Err("Incorrect # arguments passed".into());
+                    }
+
+                    // Generate code for function argument expressions.
+                    let mut args: Vec<Value<'_>> = args
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|arg| self.codegen_expr(arg, named_values))
+                        .collect::<CodegenResult<_>>()?;
+
+                    Ok(self.builder.call(callee, &mut args))
+                }
+                None => Err("Unknown function referenced".into()),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn codegen_prototype(&self, PrototypeAST(name, args): &PrototypeAST) -> FnValue<'llvm> {
+        let type_f64 = self.module.type_f64();
+
+        let mut doubles = Vec::new();
+        doubles.resize(args.len(), type_f64);
+
+        // Build the function type: fn(f64, f64, ..) -> f64
+        let ft = self.module.type_fn(&mut doubles, type_f64);
+
+        // Create the function declaration.
+        let f = self.module.add_fn(name, ft);
+
+        // Set the names of the function arguments.
+        for idx in 0..f.args() {
+            f.arg(idx).set_name(&args[idx]);
+        }
+
+        f
+    }
+
+    fn codegen_function(
+        &self,
+        FunctionAST(proto, body): &FunctionAST,
+        named_values: &mut HashMap<&'llvm str, Value<'llvm>>,
+    ) -> CodegenResult<FnValue<'llvm>> {
+        let the_function = match self.module.get_fn(&proto.0) {
+            Some(f) => f,
+            None => self.codegen_prototype(proto),
+        };
+
+        if the_function.basic_blocks() > 0 {
+            return Err("Function cannot be redefined.".into());
+        }
+
+        // Create entry basic block to insert code.
+        let bb = self.module.append_basic_block(the_function);
+        self.builder.pos_at_end(bb);
+
+        // New scope, clear the map with the function args.
+        named_values.clear();
+
+        // Update the map with the current functions args.
+        for idx in 0..the_function.args() {
+            let arg = the_function.arg(idx);
+            named_values.insert(arg.get_name(), arg);
+        }
+
+        // Codegen function body.
+        if let Ok(ret) = self.codegen_expr(body, named_values) {
+            self.builder.ret(ret);
+            assert!(the_function.verify());
+            Ok(the_function)
+        } else {
+            todo!("Failed to codegen function body, erase from module!");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64721a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
+
+pub mod codegen;
+pub mod lexer;
+pub mod llvm;
+pub mod parser;
+
+/// Fixed size of [`SmallCStr`] including the trailing `\0` byte.
+pub const SMALL_STR_SIZE: usize = 16;
+
+/// Small C string on the stack with fixed size [`SMALL_STR_SIZE`].
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct SmallCStr([u8; SMALL_STR_SIZE]);
+
+impl SmallCStr {
+    /// Create a new C string from `src`.
+    /// Returns [`None`] if `src` exceeds the fixed size or contains any `\0` bytes.
+    pub fn new<T: AsRef<[u8]>>(src: &T) -> Option<SmallCStr> {
+        let src = src.as_ref();
+        let len = src.len();
+
+        // Check for \0 bytes.
+        let contains_null = unsafe { !libc::memchr(src.as_ptr().cast(), 0, len).is_null() };
+
+        if contains_null || len > SMALL_STR_SIZE - 1 {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let mut dest = [0; SMALL_STR_SIZE];
+            dest[..len].copy_from_slice(src);
+            Some(SmallCStr(dest))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return pointer to C string.
+    pub const fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const libc::c_char {
+        self.0.as_ptr().cast()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFrom<&str> for SmallCStr {
+    type Error = ();
+
+    fn try_from(value: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        SmallCStr::new(&value).ok_or(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Either type, for APIs accepting two types.
+pub enum Either<A, B> {
+    A(A),
+    B(B),
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::{SmallCStr, SMALL_STR_SIZE};
+    use std::convert::TryInto;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_create() {
+        let src = "\x30\x31\x32\x33";
+        let scs = SmallCStr::new(&src).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&scs.0[..5], &[0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x00]);
+
+        let src = b"abcd1234";
+        let scs = SmallCStr::new(&src).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            &scs.0[..9],
+            &[0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x00]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_contain_null() {
+        let src = "\x30\x00\x32\x33";
+        let scs = SmallCStr::new(&src);
+        assert_eq!(scs, None);
+
+        let src = "\x30\x31\x32\x33\x00";
+        let scs = SmallCStr::new(&src);
+        assert_eq!(scs, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_too_large() {
+        let src = (0..SMALL_STR_SIZE).map(|_| 'a').collect::<String>();
+        let scs = SmallCStr::new(&src);
+        assert_eq!(scs, None);
+
+        let src = (0..SMALL_STR_SIZE + 10).map(|_| 'a').collect::<String>();
+        let scs = SmallCStr::new(&src);
+        assert_eq!(scs, None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_try_into() {
+        let src = "\x30\x31\x32\x33";
+        let scs: Result<SmallCStr, ()> = src.try_into();
+        assert!(scs.is_ok());
+
+        let src = (0..SMALL_STR_SIZE).map(|_| 'a').collect::<String>();
+        let scs: Result<SmallCStr, ()> = src.as_str().try_into();
+        assert!(scs.is_err());
+
+        let src = (0..SMALL_STR_SIZE + 10).map(|_| 'a').collect::<String>();
+        let scs: Result<SmallCStr, ()> = src.as_str().try_into();
+        assert!(scs.is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/llvm.rs b/src/llvm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed6b930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/llvm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+//! Safe wrapper around the LLVM C API.
+//!
+//! References returned from the LLVM API are tied to the `'llvm` lifetime which is bound to the
+//! context where the objects are created in.
+//! We do not offer wrappers to remove or delete any objects in the context and therefore all the
+//! references will be valid for the liftime of the context.
+
+use llvm_sys::analysis::{LLVMVerifierFailureAction, LLVMVerifyFunction};
+use llvm_sys::core::{
+    LLVMAddFunction, LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext, LLVMBuildFAdd, LLVMBuildFCmp, LLVMBuildFMul,
+    LLVMBuildFSub, LLVMBuildRet, LLVMBuildUIToFP, LLVMConstReal, LLVMContextCreate,
+    LLVMContextDispose, LLVMCountBasicBlocks, LLVMCountParams, LLVMCreateBuilderInContext,
+    LLVMDisposeBuilder, LLVMDisposeModule, LLVMDoubleTypeInContext, LLVMDumpModule, LLVMDumpType,
+    LLVMDumpValue, LLVMGetNamedFunction, LLVMGetParam, LLVMGetReturnType, LLVMGetTypeKind,
+    LLVMGetValueKind, LLVMGetValueName2, LLVMModuleCreateWithNameInContext,
+    LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd, LLVMSetValueName2, LLVMTypeOf,
+};
+use llvm_sys::prelude::{
+    LLVMBasicBlockRef, LLVMBool, LLVMBuilderRef, LLVMContextRef, LLVMModuleRef, LLVMTypeRef,
+    LLVMValueRef,
+};
+use llvm_sys::{LLVMRealPredicate, LLVMTypeKind, LLVMValueKind};
+
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+
+use crate::SmallCStr;
+
+// Definition of LLVM C API functions using our `repr(transparent)` types.
+extern "C" {
+    fn LLVMFunctionType(
+        ReturnType: Type<'_>,
+        ParamTypes: *mut Type<'_>,
+        ParamCount: ::libc::c_uint,
+        IsVarArg: LLVMBool,
+    ) -> LLVMTypeRef;
+    fn LLVMBuildCall2(
+        arg1: LLVMBuilderRef,
+        arg2: Type<'_>,
+        Fn: FnValue<'_>,
+        Args: *mut Value<'_>,
+        NumArgs: ::libc::c_uint,
+        Name: *const ::libc::c_char,
+    ) -> LLVMValueRef;
+}
+
+// ====================
+//   Module / Context
+// ====================
+
+/// Wrapper for a LLVM Module with its own LLVM Context.
+pub struct Module {
+    ctx: LLVMContextRef,
+    module: LLVMModuleRef,
+}
+
+impl<'llvm> Module {
+    /// Create a new Module instance.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if creating the context or the module fails.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let (ctx, module) = unsafe {
+            let c = LLVMContextCreate();
+            let m = LLVMModuleCreateWithNameInContext(b"module\0".as_ptr().cast(), c);
+            assert!(!c.is_null() && !m.is_null());
+            (c, m)
+        };
+
+        Module { ctx, module }
+    }
+
+    /// Dump LLVM IR emitted into the Module to stdout.
+    pub fn dump(&self) {
+        unsafe { LLVMDumpModule(self.module) };
+    }
+
+    /// Get a type reference representing a `f64` float.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn type_f64(&self) -> Type<'llvm> {
+        let type_ref = unsafe { LLVMDoubleTypeInContext(self.ctx) };
+        Type::new(type_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a type reference representing a `fn(args) -> ret` function.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn type_fn(&'llvm self, args: &mut [Type<'llvm>], ret: Type<'llvm>) -> Type<'llvm> {
+        let type_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMFunctionType(
+                ret,
+                args.as_mut_ptr(),
+                args.len() as libc::c_uint,
+                0, /* IsVarArg */
+            )
+        };
+        Type::new(type_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Add a function with the given `name` and `fn_type` to the module and return a value
+    /// reference representing the function.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer or `name` could not be converted to a
+    /// [`SmallCStr`].
+    pub fn add_fn(&'llvm self, name: &str, fn_type: Type<'llvm>) -> FnValue<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            fn_type.kind(),
+            LLVMTypeKind::LLVMFunctionTypeKind,
+            "Expected a function type when adding a function!"
+        );
+
+        let name = SmallCStr::try_from(name)
+            .expect("Failed to convert 'name' argument to small C string!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe { LLVMAddFunction(self.module, name.as_ptr(), fn_type.0) };
+        FnValue::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a function value reference to the function with the given `name` if it was previously
+    /// added to the module with [`add_fn`][Module::add_fn].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `name` could not be converted to a [`SmallCStr`].
+    pub fn get_fn(&'llvm self, name: &str) -> Option<FnValue<'llvm>> {
+        let name = SmallCStr::try_from(name)
+            .expect("Failed to convert 'name' argument to small C string!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe { LLVMGetNamedFunction(self.module, name.as_ptr()) };
+
+        (!value_ref.is_null()).then(|| FnValue::new(value_ref))
+    }
+
+    /// Append a Basic Block to the end of the function referenced by the value reference
+    /// `fn_value`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn append_basic_block(&'llvm self, fn_value: FnValue<'llvm>) -> BasicBlock<'llvm> {
+        let block = unsafe {
+            LLVMAppendBasicBlockInContext(
+                self.ctx,
+                fn_value.value_ref(),
+                b"block\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        assert!(!block.is_null());
+
+        BasicBlock(block, PhantomData)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Module {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            LLVMDisposeModule(self.module);
+            LLVMContextDispose(self.ctx);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ===========
+//   Builder
+// ===========
+
+/// Wrapper for a LLVM IR Builder.
+pub struct Builder<'llvm> {
+    builder: LLVMBuilderRef,
+    _ctx: PhantomData<&'llvm ()>,
+}
+
+impl<'llvm> Builder<'llvm> {
+    /// Create a new LLVM IR Builder with the `module`s context.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if creating the IR Builder fails.
+    pub fn with_ctx(module: &'llvm Module) -> Builder<'llvm> {
+        let builder = unsafe { LLVMCreateBuilderInContext(module.ctx) };
+        assert!(!builder.is_null());
+
+        Builder {
+            builder,
+            _ctx: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Position the IR Builder at the end of the given Basic Block.
+    pub fn pos_at_end(&self, bb: BasicBlock<'llvm>) {
+        unsafe {
+            LLVMPositionBuilderAtEnd(self.builder, bb.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [fadd](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#fadd-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn fadd(&self, lhs: Value<'llvm>, rhs: Value<'llvm>) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert!(lhs.is_f64(), "fadd: Expected f64 as lhs operand!");
+        debug_assert!(rhs.is_f64(), "fadd: Expected f64 as rhs operand!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMBuildFAdd(
+                self.builder,
+                lhs.value_ref(),
+                rhs.value_ref(),
+                b"fadd\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [fsub](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#fsub-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn fsub(&self, lhs: Value<'llvm>, rhs: Value<'llvm>) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert!(lhs.is_f64(), "fsub: Expected f64 as lhs operand!");
+        debug_assert!(rhs.is_f64(), "fsub: Expected f64 as rhs operand!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMBuildFSub(
+                self.builder,
+                lhs.value_ref(),
+                rhs.value_ref(),
+                b"fsub\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [fmul](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#fmul-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn fmul(&self, lhs: Value<'llvm>, rhs: Value<'llvm>) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert!(lhs.is_f64(), "fmul: Expected f64 as lhs operand!");
+        debug_assert!(rhs.is_f64(), "fmul: Expected f64 as rhs operand!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMBuildFMul(
+                self.builder,
+                lhs.value_ref(),
+                rhs.value_ref(),
+                b"fmul\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [fcmult](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#fcmp-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn fcmpult(&self, lhs: Value<'llvm>, rhs: Value<'llvm>) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert!(lhs.is_f64(), "fcmplt: Expected f64 as lhs operand!");
+        debug_assert!(rhs.is_f64(), "fcmplt: Expected f64 as rhs operand!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMBuildFCmp(
+                self.builder,
+                LLVMRealPredicate::LLVMRealULT,
+                lhs.value_ref(),
+                rhs.value_ref(),
+                b"fcmplt\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [uitofp](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#uitofp-to-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn uitofp(&self, val: Value<'llvm>, dest_type: Type<'llvm>) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert!(val.is_int(), "uitofp: Expected integer operand!");
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMBuildUIToFP(
+                self.builder,
+                val.value_ref(),
+                dest_type.0,
+                b"uitofp\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [call](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#call-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn call(&self, fn_value: FnValue<'llvm>, args: &mut [Value<'llvm>]) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        let value_ref = unsafe {
+            LLVMBuildCall2(
+                self.builder,
+                fn_value.ret_type(),
+                fn_value,
+                args.as_mut_ptr(),
+                args.len() as libc::c_uint,
+                b"call\0".as_ptr().cast(),
+            )
+        };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Emit a [ret](https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#ret-instruction) instruction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn ret(&self, ret: Value<'llvm>) {
+        let ret = unsafe { LLVMBuildRet(self.builder, ret.value_ref()) };
+        assert!(!ret.is_null());
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Builder<'_> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe { LLVMDisposeBuilder(self.builder) }
+    }
+}
+
+// ==============
+//   BasicBlock
+// ==============
+
+/// Wrapper for a LLVM Basic Block.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct BasicBlock<'llvm>(LLVMBasicBlockRef, PhantomData<&'llvm ()>);
+
+// ========
+//   Type
+// ========
+
+/// Wrapper for a LLVM Type Reference.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Type<'llvm>(LLVMTypeRef, PhantomData<&'llvm ()>);
+
+impl<'llvm> Type<'llvm> {
+    fn new(type_ref: LLVMTypeRef) -> Self {
+        assert!(!type_ref.is_null());
+        Type(type_ref, PhantomData)
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> LLVMTypeKind {
+        unsafe { LLVMGetTypeKind(self.0) }
+    }
+
+    /// Dump the LLVM Type to stdout.
+    pub fn dump(&self) {
+        unsafe { LLVMDumpType(self.0) };
+    }
+
+    /// Get a value reference representing the const `f64` value.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn const_f64(self, n: f64) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            self.kind(),
+            LLVMTypeKind::LLVMDoubleTypeKind,
+            "Expected a double type when creating const f64 value!"
+        );
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe { LLVMConstReal(self.0, n) };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+}
+
+// =========
+//   Value
+// =========
+
+/// Wrapper for a LLVM Value Reference.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct Value<'llvm>(LLVMValueRef, PhantomData<&'llvm ()>);
+
+impl<'llvm> Value<'llvm> {
+    fn new(value_ref: LLVMValueRef) -> Self {
+        assert!(!value_ref.is_null());
+        Value(value_ref, PhantomData)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn value_ref(&self) -> LLVMValueRef {
+        self.0
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> LLVMValueKind {
+        unsafe { LLVMGetValueKind(self.value_ref()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Dump the LLVM Value to stdout.
+    pub fn dump(&self) {
+        unsafe { LLVMDumpValue(self.value_ref()) };
+    }
+
+    /// Get a type reference representing for the given value reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn type_of(&self) -> Type<'llvm> {
+        let type_ref = unsafe { LLVMTypeOf(self.value_ref()) };
+        Type::new(type_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Set the name for the given value reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn set_name(&self, name: &str) {
+        unsafe { LLVMSetValueName2(self.value_ref(), name.as_ptr().cast(), name.len()) };
+    }
+
+    /// Get the name for the given value reference.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn get_name(&self) -> &'llvm str {
+        let name = unsafe {
+            let mut len: libc::size_t = 0;
+            let name = LLVMGetValueName2(self.0, &mut len as _);
+            assert!(!name.is_null());
+
+            CStr::from_ptr(name)
+        };
+
+        // TODO: Does this string live for the time of the LLVM context?!
+        name.to_str()
+            .expect("Expected valid UTF8 string from LLVM API")
+    }
+
+    /// Check if value is of `f64` type.
+    pub fn is_f64(&self) -> bool {
+        self.type_of().kind() == LLVMTypeKind::LLVMDoubleTypeKind
+    }
+
+    /// Check if value is of integer type.
+    pub fn is_int(&self) -> bool {
+        self.type_of().kind() == LLVMTypeKind::LLVMIntegerTypeKind
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper for a LLVM Value Reference specialized for contexts where function values are needed.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct FnValue<'llvm>(Value<'llvm>);
+
+impl<'llvm> Deref for FnValue<'llvm> {
+    type Target = Value<'llvm>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'llvm> FnValue<'llvm> {
+    fn new(value_ref: LLVMValueRef) -> Self {
+        let value = Value::new(value_ref);
+        debug_assert_eq!(
+            value.kind(),
+            LLVMValueKind::LLVMFunctionValueKind,
+            "Expected a fn value when constructing FnValue!"
+        );
+
+        FnValue(value)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a type reference representing the return value of the given function value.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer.
+    pub fn ret_type(&self) -> Type<'llvm> {
+        let type_ref = unsafe { LLVMGetReturnType(LLVMTypeOf(self.value_ref())) };
+        Type::new(type_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of function arguments for the given function value.
+    pub fn args(&self) -> usize {
+        unsafe { LLVMCountParams(self.value_ref()) as usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a value reference for the function argument at index `idx`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if LLVM API returns a `null` pointer or indexed out of bounds.
+    pub fn arg(&self, idx: usize) -> Value<'llvm> {
+        assert!(idx < self.args());
+
+        let value_ref = unsafe { LLVMGetParam(self.value_ref(), idx as libc::c_uint) };
+        Value::new(value_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the number of Basic Blocks for the given function value.
+    pub fn basic_blocks(&self) -> usize {
+        unsafe { LLVMCountBasicBlocks(self.value_ref()) as usize }
+    }
+
+    /// Verify that the given function is valid.
+    pub fn verify(&self) -> bool {
+        unsafe {
+            LLVMVerifyFunction(
+                self.value_ref(),
+                LLVMVerifierFailureAction::LLVMPrintMessageAction,
+            ) == 0
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 2646873..7160e04 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
-mod lexer;
-mod parser;
+use llvm_kaleidoscope_rs::{
+    codegen::Codegen,
+    lexer::{Lexer, Token},
+    llvm,
+    parser::Parser,
+    Either,
+};
 
-use lexer::{Lexer, Token};
-use parser::Parser;
 use std::io::Read;
 
-fn handle_definition<I>(p: &mut Parser<I>)
+fn handle_definition<I>(p: &mut Parser<I>, module: &llvm::Module)
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = char>,
 {
     match p.parse_definition() {
-        Ok(expr) => println!("Parse 'def'\n{:?}", expr),
+        Ok(func) => {
+            println!("Parse 'def'\n{:?}", func);
+            if let Ok(func) = Codegen::compile(module, Either::B(&func)) {
+                func.dump();
+            }
+        }
         Err(err) => {
             eprintln!("Error: {:?}", err);
             p.get_next_token();
@@ -18,12 +26,17 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-fn handle_extern<I>(p: &mut Parser<I>)
+fn handle_extern<I>(p: &mut Parser<I>, module: &llvm::Module)
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = char>,
 {
     match p.parse_extern() {
-        Ok(expr) => println!("Parse 'extern'\n{:?}", expr),
+        Ok(proto) => {
+            println!("Parse 'extern'\n{:?}", proto);
+            if let Ok(proto) = Codegen::compile(module, Either::A(&proto)) {
+                proto.dump();
+            }
+        }
         Err(err) => {
             eprintln!("Error: {:?}", err);
             p.get_next_token();
@@ -31,12 +44,17 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-fn handle_top_level_expression<I>(p: &mut Parser<I>)
+fn handle_top_level_expression<I>(p: &mut Parser<I>, module: &llvm::Module)
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = char>,
 {
     match p.parse_top_level_expr() {
-        Ok(expr) => println!("Parse top-level expression\n{:?}", expr),
+        Ok(func) => {
+            println!("Parse top-level expression\n{:?}", func);
+            if let Ok(func) = Codegen::compile(module, Either::B(&func)) {
+                func.dump();
+            }
+        }
         Err(err) => {
             eprintln!("Error: {:?}", err);
             p.get_next_token();
@@ -49,16 +67,22 @@ fn main() {
     println!("ENTER to parse current input.");
     println!("C-d   to exit.");
 
+    // Create lexer over stdin.
     let lexer = Lexer::new(std::io::stdin().bytes().filter_map(|v| {
         let v = v.ok()?;
         Some(v.into())
     }));
 
+    // Create parser for kaleidoscope.
     let mut parser = Parser::new(lexer);
 
     // Throw first coin and initialize cur_tok.
     parser.get_next_token();
 
+    // Initialize LLVM module with its own context.
+    // We will emit LLVM IR into this module.
+    let module = llvm::Module::new();
+
     loop {
         match *parser.cur_tok() {
             Token::Eof => break,
@@ -66,9 +90,12 @@ fn main() {
                 // Ignore top-level semicolon.
                 parser.get_next_token()
             }
-            Token::Def => handle_definition(&mut parser),
-            Token::Extern => handle_extern(&mut parser),
-            _ => handle_top_level_expression(&mut parser),
+            Token::Def => handle_definition(&mut parser, &module),
+            Token::Extern => handle_extern(&mut parser, &module),
+            _ => handle_top_level_expression(&mut parser, &module),
         }
     }
+
+    // Dump all the emitted LLVM IR to stdout.
+    module.dump();
 }
diff --git a/src/parser.rs b/src/parser.rs
index 63f5a77..af69a87 100644
--- a/src/parser.rs
+++ b/src/parser.rs
@@ -19,15 +19,16 @@ pub enum ExprAST {
 /// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
 /// of arguments the function takes).
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct PrototypeAST(String, Vec<String>);
+pub struct PrototypeAST(pub String, pub Vec<String>);
 
 /// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
-pub struct FunctionAST(PrototypeAST, ExprAST);
+pub struct FunctionAST(pub PrototypeAST, pub ExprAST);
 
 /// Parse result with String as Error type (to be compliant with tutorial).
 type ParseResult<T> = Result<T, String>;
 
+/// Parser for the `kaleidoscope` language.
 pub struct Parser<I>
 where
     I: Iterator<Item = char>,