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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source of the Rust file `src/codegen.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>codegen.rs - source</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../light.css" id="themeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../dark.css" disabled ><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../ayu.css" disabled ><script id="default-settings" ></script><script src="../../storage.js"></script><script src="../../crates.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../favicon.svg"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../favicon-32x32.png"><style type="text/css">#crate-search{background-image:url("../../down-arrow.svg");}</style></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-menu" role="button">☰</div><a href='../../llvm_kaleidoscope_rs/index.html'><div class='logo-container rust-logo'><img src='../../rust-logo.png' alt='logo'></div></a></nav><div class="theme-picker"><button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!" aria-haspopup="menu" title="themes"><img width="18" height="18" alt="Pick another theme!" src="../../brush.svg"></button><div id="theme-choices" role="menu"></div></div><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form"><div class="search-container"><div><select id="crate-search"><option value="All crates">All crates</option></select><input class="search-input"name="search" disabled autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"></div><button type="button" id="help-button" title="help">?</button><a id="settings-menu" href="../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="18" height="18" alt="Change settings" src="../../wheel.svg"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main" class="content"><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="line-numbers"><span id="1"> 1</span>
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</pre><pre class="rust">
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">std::collections::HashMap</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span><span class="ident">::llvm</span>::{<span class="ident">FnValue</span>, <span class="ident">FunctionPassManager</span>, <span class="ident">IRBuilder</span>, <span class="ident">Module</span>, <span class="ident">Value</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span><span class="ident">::parser</span>::{<span class="ident">ExprAST</span>, <span class="ident">FunctionAST</span>, <span class="ident">PrototypeAST</span>};
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="kw">crate</span><span class="ident">::Either</span>;
<span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">CodegenResult</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>, <span class="ident">String</span><span class="op">></span>;
<span class="doccomment">/// Code generator from kaleidoscope AST to LLVM IR.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Codegen</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span>, <span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="ident">module</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span> <span class="ident">Module</span>,
<span class="ident">builder</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">IRBuilder</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span>,
<span class="ident">fpm</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">FunctionPassManager</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span>,
<span class="ident">fn_protos</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">HashMap</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">String</span>, <span class="ident">PrototypeAST</span><span class="op">></span>,
}
<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span>, <span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">Codegen</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span>, <span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="doccomment">/// Compile either a [`PrototypeAST`] or a [`FunctionAST`] into the LLVM `module`.</span>
<span class="kw">pub</span> <span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">compile</span>(
<span class="ident">module</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span> <span class="ident">Module</span>,
<span class="ident">fn_protos</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">HashMap</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">String</span>, <span class="ident">PrototypeAST</span><span class="op">></span>,
<span class="ident">compilee</span>: <span class="ident">Either</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">PrototypeAST</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">FunctionAST</span><span class="op">></span>,
) <span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CodegenResult</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">FnValue</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">cg</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Codegen</span> {
<span class="ident">module</span>,
<span class="ident">builder</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">IRBuilder::with_ctx</span>(<span class="ident">module</span>),
<span class="ident">fpm</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">FunctionPassManager::with_ctx</span>(<span class="ident">module</span>),
<span class="ident">fn_protos</span>,
};
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">variables</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">HashMap::new</span>();
<span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">compilee</span> {
<span class="ident">Either::A</span>(<span class="ident">proto</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">cg</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_prototype</span>(<span class="ident">proto</span>)),
<span class="ident">Either::B</span>(<span class="ident">func</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">cg</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_function</span>(<span class="ident">func</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">variables</span>),
}
}
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">codegen_expr</span>(
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>,
<span class="ident">expr</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">ExprAST</span>,
<span class="ident">named_values</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">HashMap</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span> <span class="ident">str</span>, <span class="ident">Value</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span>,
) <span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CodegenResult</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Value</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">expr</span> {
<span class="ident">ExprAST::Number</span>(<span class="ident">num</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">type_f64</span>().<span class="ident">const_f64</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">num</span>)),
<span class="ident">ExprAST::Variable</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">named_values</span>.<span class="ident">get</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>.<span class="ident">as_str</span>()) {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">value</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">value</span>),
<span class="prelude-val">None</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="string">"Unknown variable name"</span>.<span class="ident">into</span>()),
},
<span class="ident">ExprAST::Binary</span>(<span class="ident">binop</span>, <span class="ident">lhs</span>, <span class="ident">rhs</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">l</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_expr</span>(<span class="ident">lhs</span>, <span class="ident">named_values</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">r</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_expr</span>(<span class="ident">rhs</span>, <span class="ident">named_values</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="kw">match</span> <span class="ident">binop</span> {
<span class="string">'+'</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">fadd</span>(<span class="ident">l</span>, <span class="ident">r</span>)),
<span class="string">'-'</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">fsub</span>(<span class="ident">l</span>, <span class="ident">r</span>)),
<span class="string">'*'</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">fmul</span>(<span class="ident">l</span>, <span class="ident">r</span>)),
<span class="string">'<'</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">res</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">fcmpult</span>(<span class="ident">l</span>, <span class="ident">r</span>);
<span class="comment">// Turn bool into f64.</span>
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">uitofp</span>(<span class="ident">res</span>, <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">type_f64</span>()))
}
<span class="kw">_</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="string">"invalid binary operator"</span>.<span class="ident">into</span>()),
}
}
<span class="ident">ExprAST::Call</span>(<span class="ident">callee</span>, <span class="ident">args</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">get_function</span>(<span class="ident">callee</span>) {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">callee</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">callee</span>.<span class="ident">args</span>() <span class="op">!</span><span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">args</span>.<span class="ident">len</span>() {
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="string">"Incorrect # arguments passed"</span>.<span class="ident">into</span>());
}
<span class="comment">// Generate code for function argument expressions.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">args</span>: <span class="ident">Vec</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Value</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'_</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">args</span>
.<span class="ident">iter</span>()
.<span class="ident">map</span>(<span class="op">|</span><span class="ident">arg</span><span class="op">|</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_expr</span>(<span class="ident">arg</span>, <span class="ident">named_values</span>))
.<span class="ident">collect</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">CodegenResult</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw">_</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span>()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">call</span>(<span class="ident">callee</span>, <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">args</span>))
}
<span class="prelude-val">None</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="string">"Unknown function referenced"</span>.<span class="ident">into</span>()),
},
}
}
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">codegen_prototype</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">PrototypeAST</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>, <span class="ident">args</span>): <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">PrototypeAST</span>) <span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">FnValue</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">type_f64</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">type_f64</span>();
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">doubles</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Vec::new</span>();
<span class="ident">doubles</span>.<span class="ident">resize</span>(<span class="ident">args</span>.<span class="ident">len</span>(), <span class="ident">type_f64</span>);
<span class="comment">// Build the function type: fn(f64, f64, ..) -> f64</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">ft</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">type_fn</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">doubles</span>, <span class="ident">type_f64</span>);
<span class="comment">// Create the function declaration.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">f</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">add_fn</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>, <span class="ident">ft</span>);
<span class="comment">// Set the names of the function arguments.</span>
<span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">idx</span> <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="number">0</span>..<span class="ident">f</span>.<span class="ident">args</span>() {
<span class="ident">f</span>.<span class="ident">arg</span>(<span class="ident">idx</span>).<span class="ident">set_name</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">args</span>[<span class="ident">idx</span>]);
}
<span class="ident">f</span>
}
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">codegen_function</span>(
<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="self">self</span>,
<span class="ident">FunctionAST</span>(<span class="ident">proto</span>, <span class="ident">body</span>): <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">FunctionAST</span>,
<span class="ident">named_values</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">HashMap</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span> <span class="ident">str</span>, <span class="ident">Value</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span>,
) <span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">CodegenResult</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">FnValue</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="comment">// Insert the function prototype into the `fn_protos` map to keep track for re-generating</span>
<span class="comment">// declarations in other modules.</span>
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">fn_protos</span>.<span class="ident">insert</span>(<span class="ident">proto</span>.<span class="number">0</span>.<span class="ident">clone</span>(), <span class="ident">proto</span>.<span class="ident">clone</span>());
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">the_function</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">get_function</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">proto</span>.<span class="number">0</span>)
.<span class="ident">expect</span>(<span class="string">"If proto not already generated, get_function will do for us since we updated fn_protos before-hand!"</span>);
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="ident">the_function</span>.<span class="ident">basic_blocks</span>() <span class="op">></span> <span class="number">0</span> {
<span class="kw">return</span> <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="string">"Function cannot be redefined."</span>.<span class="ident">into</span>());
}
<span class="comment">// Create entry basic block to insert code.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">bb</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">append_basic_block</span>(<span class="ident">the_function</span>);
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">pos_at_end</span>(<span class="ident">bb</span>);
<span class="comment">// New scope, clear the map with the function args.</span>
<span class="ident">named_values</span>.<span class="ident">clear</span>();
<span class="comment">// Update the map with the current functions args.</span>
<span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">idx</span> <span class="kw">in</span> <span class="number">0</span>..<span class="ident">the_function</span>.<span class="ident">args</span>() {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">arg</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">the_function</span>.<span class="ident">arg</span>(<span class="ident">idx</span>);
<span class="ident">named_values</span>.<span class="ident">insert</span>(<span class="ident">arg</span>.<span class="ident">get_name</span>(), <span class="ident">arg</span>);
}
<span class="comment">// Codegen function body.</span>
<span class="kw">if</span> <span class="kw">let</span> <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">ret</span>) <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_expr</span>(<span class="ident">body</span>, <span class="ident">named_values</span>) {
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">builder</span>.<span class="ident">ret</span>(<span class="ident">ret</span>);
<span class="macro">assert!</span>(<span class="ident">the_function</span>.<span class="ident">verify</span>());
<span class="comment">// Run the optimization passes on the function.</span>
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">fpm</span>.<span class="ident">run</span>(<span class="ident">the_function</span>);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="ident">the_function</span>)
} <span class="kw">else</span> {
<span class="macro">todo!</span>(<span class="string">"Failed to codegen function body, erase from module!"</span>);
}
}
<span class="doccomment">/// Lookup function with `name` in the LLVM module and return the corresponding value reference.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// If the function is not available in the module, check if the prototype is known and codegen</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// it.</span>
<span class="doccomment">/// Return [`None`] if the prototype is not known.</span>
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">get_function</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">name</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">str</span>) <span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">FnValue</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'llvm</span><span class="op">></span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">callee</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">match</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">module</span>.<span class="ident">get_fn</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>) {
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">callee</span>) <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">callee</span>,
<span class="prelude-val">None</span> <span class="op">=</span><span class="op">></span> {
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">proto</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">fn_protos</span>.<span class="ident">get</span>(<span class="ident">name</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="self">self</span>.<span class="ident">codegen_prototype</span>(<span class="ident">proto</span>)
}
};
<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="ident">callee</span>)
}
}
</pre></div>
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