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                        <h1><a class="header" href="#qemu1" id="qemu1">qemu(1)</a></h1>
<p>All the examples &amp; notes use <code>qemu-system-x86_64</code> but in most cases
this can be swapped with the system emulator for other architectures.</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#keybindings" id="keybindings">Keybindings</a></h2>
<p>Graphic mode:</p>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">Ctrl+Alt+g         release mouse capture from VM

Ctrl+Alt+1         switch to display of VM
Ctrl+Alt+2         switch to qemu monitor
</code></pre>
<p>No graphic mode:</p>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">Ctrl+a h           print help
Ctrl+a x           exit emulator
Ctrl+a c           switch between monitor and console
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#vm-config-snippet" id="vm-config-snippet">VM config snippet</a></h2>
<p>Following command-line gives a good starting point to assemble a VM:</p>
<pre><code>qemu-system-x86_64                 \
    -cpu host -enable-kvm -smp 4   \
    -m 8G                          \
    -vga virtio -display sdl,gl=on \
    -boot menu=on                  \
    -cdrom &lt;iso&gt;                   \
    -hda &lt;disk&gt;                    \
    -device qemu-xhci,id=xhci      \
    -device usb-host,bus=xhci.0,vendorid=0x05e1,productid=0x0408,id=capture-card
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="header" href="#cpu--ram" id="cpu--ram">CPU &amp; RAM</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Emulate host CPU in guest VM, enabling all supported host featured (requires KVM).
# List available CPUs `qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu help`.
-cpu host

# Enable KVM instead software emulation.
-enable-kvm

# Configure number of guest CPUs.
-smp &lt;N&gt;

# Configure size of guest RAM.
-m 8G
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="header" href="#graphic--display" id="graphic--display">Graphic &amp; Display</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Use sdl window as display and enable openGL context.
-display sdl,gl=on

# Use vnc server as display (eg on display `:42` here).
-display vnc=localhost:42

# Confifure virtio as 3D video graphic accelerator (requires virgl in guest).
-vga virtio
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="header" href="#boot-menu" id="boot-menu">Boot Menu</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Enables boot menu to select boot device (enter with `ESC`).
-boot menu=on
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="header" href="#block-devices" id="block-devices">Block devices</a></h3>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Attach cdrom drive with iso to a VM.
-cdrom &lt;iso&gt;

# Attach disk drive to a VM.
-hda &lt;disk&gt;

# Generic way to configure &amp; attach a drive to a VM.
-drive file=&lt;file&gt;,format=qcow2
</code></pre>
<h4><a class="header" href="#create-a-disk-with-a-hrefhttpsqemu-projectgitlabioqemutoolsqemu-imghtmlqemu-imga" id="create-a-disk-with-a-hrefhttpsqemu-projectgitlabioqemutoolsqemu-imghtmlqemu-imga">Create a disk with <a href="https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/tools/qemu-img.html"><code>qemu-img</code></a></a></h4>
<p>To create a <code>qcow2</code> disk (qemu copy-on-write) of size <code>10G</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">qemu-img create -f qcow2 disk.qcow2 10G
</code></pre>
<p>The disk does not contain any <code>partitions</code> or a <code>partition table</code>.
We can format the disk from <strong>within the <strong>guest</strong></strong> as following example:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Create `gpt` partition table.
sudo parted /dev/sda mktable gpt

# Create two equally sized primary partitions.
sudo parted /dev/sda mkpart primary 0% 50%
sudo parted /dev/sda mkpart primary 50% 100%

# Create filesystem on each partition.
sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2

lsblk -f /dev/sda
  NAME   FSTYPE LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINT
  sda
  ├─sda1 ext3         ....
  └─sda2 ext4         ....
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="header" href="#usb" id="usb">USB</a></h3>
<h4><a class="header" href="#host-controller" id="host-controller">Host Controller</a></h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Add XHCI USB controller to the VM (supports USB 3.0, 2.0, 1.1).
# `id=xhci` creates a usb bus named `xhci`.
-device qemu-xhci,id=xhci
</code></pre>
<h4><a class="header" href="#usb-device" id="usb-device">USB Device</a></h4>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Pass-through USB device from host identified by vendorid &amp; productid and
# attach to usb bus `xhci.0` (defined with controller `id`).
-device usb-host,bus=xhci.0,vendorid=0x05e1,productid=0x0408
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#debugging" id="debugging">Debugging</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Open gdbstub on tcp `&lt;port&gt;` (`-s` shorthand for `-gdb tcp::1234`).
-gdb tcp::&lt;port&gt;

# Freeze guest CPU at startup and wait for debugger connection.
-S
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#io-redirection" id="io-redirection">IO redirection</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Create raw tcp server for `serial IO` and wait until a client connects
# before executing the guest.
-serial tcp:localhost:12345,server,wait

# Create telnet server for `serial IO` and wait until a client connects
# before executing the guest.
-serial telnet:localhost:12345,server,wait

# Configure redirection for the QEMU `mointor`, arguments similar to `-serial`
# above.
-monitor ...
</code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>In <code>server</code> mode use <code>nowait</code> to execute guest without waiting for a client
connection.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2><a class="header" href="#network" id="network">Network</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Redirect host tcp port `1234` to guest port `4321`.
-nic user,hostfwd=tcp:localhost:1234-:4321
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#shared-drives" id="shared-drives">Shared drives</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># Attach a `virtio-9p-pci` device to the VM.
# The guest requires 9p support and can mount the shared drive as:
#   mount -t 9p -o trans=virtio someName /mnt
-virtfs local,id=someName,path=&lt;someHostPath&gt;,mount_tag=someName,security_model=none
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#tracing" id="tracing">Tracing</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-bash"># List name of all trace points.
-trace help

# Enable trace points matching pattern and optionally write trace to file.
-trace &lt;pattern&gt;[,file=&lt;file&gt;]

# Enable trace points for all events listed in the &lt;events&gt; file.
# File must contain one event/pattern per line.
-trace events=&lt;events&gt;
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="header" href="#appendix-direct-kernel-boot" id="appendix-direct-kernel-boot">Appendix: Direct <code>Kernel</code> boot</a></h2>
<p>Example command line to directly boot a <code>Kernel</code> with an <code>initrd</code> ramdisk.</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">qemu-system-x86_64                                                     \
    -cpu host                                                          \
    -enable-kvm                                                        \
    -kernel &lt;dir&gt;/arch/x86/boot/bzImage                                \
    -append &quot;earlyprintk=ttyS0 console=ttyS0 nokaslr init=/init debug&quot; \
    -initrd &lt;dir&gt;/initramfs.cpio.gz                                    \
    ...
</code></pre>
<p>Instructions to build a minimal <a href="https://blog.memzero.de/kernel-debugging-qemu"><code>Kernel</code> and <code>initrd</code></a>.</p>
<h2><a class="header" href="#references" id="references">References</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/qemu/qemu/blob/master/docs/usb2.txt">QEMU USB</a></li>
<li><a href="https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/tools/qemu-img.html">QEMU IMG</a></li>
<li><a href="https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/tools/index.html">QEMU Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/index.html">QEMU System</a></li>
<li><a href="https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/invocation.html">QEMU Invocation (command line args)</a></li>
</ul>

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