ld: linker script example

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+# ld(1)
+
+```
+ld [opts] files...
+    -T <script>        use <script> as linker script
+    --trace            report each file the linker touches
+    --start-group archives --end-group
+                       search archives repearepeatedly until no new
+                       undefined  references are created
+                       (eg helpfull with list of static libraries)
+```
+
+## Linker Script
+
+`output` sections are defined as follows (full description at [output
+section][ld-out] and [input section][ld-in]).
+
+```
+section_name [vaddr] : [AT(paddr)] {
+    file_pattern (section_pattern)
+}
+```
+
+The following gives an example of an `output` section with two `input` section rules.
+```
+.foo : {
+    abc.o (.foo)
+    *.o (.foo.*)
+}
+```
+
+### Example: virtual vs physical (load) address
+
+Sometimes code is initially located at a different location as when being run.
+For example in embedded cases, where code may initially resides in a _rom_ and
+startup code will copy a section with writable _data_ into _ram_. Code accessing
+the writable data accesses the data in the _ram_.
+
+In this case we need different addresses for the same data.
+- The `virtual` or _runtime_ address, this is the address used when the linker
+  resolves accesses to the data. Hence, this is the address the data will have
+  when the code is running.
+- The `physical` or _load_ address, this is the address the data is stored at
+  initially. Startup code typically copies the initial values from the
+  `physical` to the `virtual` address.
+
+The following shows an example linker script which uses _virtual_ and _physical_
+addresses. The full source files can be found [here][src].
+
+```
+{{#include ld/link-nomem.ld}}
+```
+
+We can use the following assembly snippet to explore the linker script.
+
+```x86asm
+{{#include ld/data.S}}
+```
+> `gcc -c data.S && ld -o link-nomem -T link-nomem.ld data.o`
+
+The elf load segments show the difference in _physical_ and _virtual_ address
+for the segment containing the `.data` section.
+```sh
+> readelf -W -l link-nomem
+# There are 4 program headers, starting at offset 64
+#
+# Program Headers:
+#   Type   Offset   VirtAddr           PhysAddr           FileSiz  MemSiz   Flg Align
+#   LOAD   0x001100 0x0000000000800100 0x0000000000100000 0x000020 0x000020 RW  0x1000
+#   LOAD   0x002000 0x0000000000800000 0x0000000000800000 0x000018 0x000018 R E 0x1000
+#   LOAD   0x003000 0x0000000000804000 0x0000000000804000 0x000004 0x000004 R   0x1000
+#   LOAD   0x000000 0x0000000000805000 0x0000000000805000 0x000000 0x001000 RW  0x1000
+#
+#  Section to Segment mapping:
+#   Segment Sections...
+#   00     .data
+#   01     .text
+#   02     .rodata
+#   03     .stack
+```
+
+Startup code could copy data from `_data_paddr` to `_data_vaddr`.
+```sh
+> nm link-nomem
+# 0000000000800100 d asm_array
+# 0000000000804000 r asm_len
+# 0000000000100000 a _data_paddr
+# 0000000000800100 d _data_vaddr
+# 0000000000800000 T _entry
+# 0000000000806000 b _stack_top
+```
+
+The linker resolves symbols to their _virtual_ address, this can be seen by the
+access to the `asm_array` variable.
+
+```sh
+> objdump -d link-nomem
+# Disassembly of section .text:
+#
+# 0000000000800000 <_entry>:
+#   800000:	48 c7 c4 00 60 80 00 	mov    $0x806000,%rsp
+#   800007:	48 c7 c0 00 01 80 00 	mov    $0x800100,%rax   ;; mov $asm_array, %rax
+#   80000e:	8b 04 25 00 40 80 00 	mov    0x804000,%eax
+#   800015:	f4                   	hlt
+#   800016:	eb e8                	jmp    800000 <_entry>
+```
+
+The following linker script shows an example with the `MEMORY` command.
+```
+{{#include ld/link-mem.ld}}
+```
+
+
+## References
+- [ld manual][ld]
+- [ld script: input sections][ld-in]
+- [ld script: output sections][ld-out]
+- [notes/ld example files][src]
+
+[ld]: https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/
+[ld-in]: https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/Input-Section.html
+[ld-out]: https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld/Output-Section-Attributes.html
+[src]: https://github.com/johannst/notes/tree/master/src/development/ld