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authorJohannes Stoelp <johannes.stoelp@gmail.com>2024-05-01 14:47:26 +0200
committerJohannes Stoelp <johannes.stoelp@gmail.com>2024-05-01 14:49:10 +0200
commit50e07a8bca68d2f568df44166fa94383141c2696 (patch)
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shells: move shells into own group
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+# fish(1)
+
+## Quick Info
+Fish initialization file `~/.config/fish/config.fish`
+
+Switch between different key bindings:
+- `fish_default_key_bindings` to use default key bindings
+- `fish_vi_key_bindings` to use vi key bindings
+
+## Variables
+Available scopes
+- `local` variable local to a block
+- `global` variable global to shell instance
+- `universal` variable universal to all shell instances + preserved across
+ shell restart
+
+### Set/Unset Variables
+```text
+set <name> [<values>]
+ -l local scope
+ -g global scope
+ -U universal scope
+ -e erase variable
+ -S show verbose info
+ -x export to ENV
+ -u unexport from ENV
+```
+
+### Special Variables [ref](https://fishshell.com/docs/current/language.html#special-variables)
+```sh
+$status # exit code of last command
+$pipestatus # list of exit codes of pipe chain
+
+$fish_pid # pid of parent fish shell ($$ in bash)
+$last_pid # pid of last started process ($! in bash)
+
+$CMD_DURATION # runtime of last command in ms
+```
+
+### Lists
+In `fish` all variables are lists (start with index `1`, but lists can't
+contain lists.
+```sh
+set foo a b c d
+
+echo $foo[1] # a
+echo $foo[-1] # d
+echo $foo[2..3] # b c
+echo $foo[1 3] # a c
+```
+
+`$` can be seen as dereference operator.
+```sh
+set foo a; set a 1337
+echo $$foo # outputs 1337
+```
+
+Cartesian product.
+```sh
+echo file.{h,cc}
+# file.h file.cc
+
+echo {a,b}{1,2}
+# a1 b1 a2 b2
+```
+
+#### `*PATH` [ref](https://fishshell.com/docs/current/language.html#path-variables)
+Lists ending with `PATH` are automatically split at `:` when used and joined
+with `:` when quoted or exported to the environment.
+```sh
+set -x BLA_PATH a:b:c:d
+echo $BLA_PATH # a b c d
+echo "$BLA_PATH" # a:b:c:d (quoted)
+env | grep BLA_PATH # BLA_PATH=a:b:c:d (env)
+
+set FOO_PATH x y z
+echo $FOO_PATH # x y z
+echo "$FOO_PATH" # x:y:z
+```
+
+## Command Handling
+```sh
+# sub-commands are not run in quotes
+echo "ls output: "(ls)
+```
+
+### I/O redirection
+```sh
+# 'noclobber', fail if 'log' already exists
+echo foo >? log
+```
+
+### Process substitution
+Redirect output of multiple processes. Same as `<(..)` in bash.
+```sh
+diff (sort a | psub) (sort b | psub)
+```
+
+## Control Flow
+### `if` / `else`
+```sh
+if grep foo bar
+ # do sth
+else if grep foobar bar
+ # do sth else
+else
+ # do sth else
+end
+```
+
+### `switch`
+```sh
+switch (echo foo)
+case 'foo*'
+ # do start with foo
+case bar dudel
+ # do bar and dudel
+case '*'
+ # do else
+end
+```
+
+### `while` Loop
+```sh
+while true
+ echo foo
+end
+```
+
+### `for` Loop
+```sh
+for f in (ls)
+ echo $f
+end
+```
+
+## Functions
+Function arguments are passed via `$argv` list.
+```sh
+function fn_foo
+ echo $argv
+end
+```
+
+### Autoloading
+When running a command fish attempts to autoload a function. The shell looks
+for `<cmd>.fish` in the locations defined by `$fish_function_path` and loads
+the function lazily if found.
+
+This is the preferred way over monolithically defining all functions in a
+startup script.
+
+### Helper
+```sh
+functions # list al functions
+functions foo # describe function 'foo'
+functions -e foo # erase function 'foo'
+
+funced foo # edit function 'foo'
+ # '-e vim' to edit in vim
+```
+
+### Argument parsing and completion
+`argparse` puts options into variables of name `_flag_NAME`.
+
+References:
+- [Argument Handling](https://fishshell.com/docs/current/language.html#argument-handling)
+- [`argparse`](https://fishshell.com/docs/current/cmds/argparse.html)
+- [Writing your own completions](https://fishshell.com/docs/current/completions.html)
+- [`complete`](https://fishshell.com/docs/current/cmds/complete.html)
+
+```sh
+function moose --d "my moose fn"
+ # h/help : short / long option (boolean)
+ # color : only long option (boolean)
+ # u/user= : option with required argument, only last specified is taken
+ # f/file+= : option with required argument, can be specified multiple times
+ #
+ argparse h/help color= u/user= f/file=+ -- $argv
+ or return
+
+ if set -ql _flag_help
+ echo "usage ..."
+ return 0
+ end
+
+ set -ql _flag_file
+ and echo "file=$_flag_file | cnt:" (count $_flag_file)
+
+ set -ql _flag_color
+ and echo "color=$_flag_color"
+
+ set -ql _flag_user
+ and echo "user=$_flag_user"
+end
+
+# Delete all previous defined completions for 'moose'.
+complete -c moose -e
+
+# Don't complete files for command.
+complete -c moose --no-files
+
+# Help completion.
+# -n specifies a conditions. The completion is only active if the command
+# returns 0.
+complete -c moose -s h -l help -n "not __fish_contains_opt -s h help" \
+ --description "Print usage help and exit"
+
+# File completion.
+# -F force complete files (overwrite --no-files).
+# -r requires argument.
+complete -c moose -s f -l file -F -r \
+ --description "Specify file (can be passed multiple times)"
+
+# Color completion.
+# -a options for completion.
+# -x short for -r and --no-files (-f)
+complete -c moose -x -l color -a "red blue" \
+ --description "Specify a color."
+
+# User completion.
+# -a options for completion. Call a function to generate arguments.
+complete -c moose -x -s u -l user -a "(__fish_complete_users)" \
+ --description "Specify a user"
+```
+
+## Prompt
+The prompt is defined by the output of the `fish_prompt` function.
+```sh
+function fish_prompt
+ set -l cmd_ret
+ echo "> "(pwd) $cmd_ret" "
+end
+```
+> Use `set_color` to manipulate terminal colors and `set_color -c` to print the
+> current colors.
+
+
+## Useful Builtins
+List all builtins with `builtins -n`.
+
+```sh
+# history
+history search <str> # search history for <str>
+history merge # merge histories from fish sessions
+
+# list
+count $var # count elements in list
+
+contains /bin $PATH # return 0 (true) 1 (false)
+contains -i /bin $PATH # additionally print index on stdout
+
+# string
+string split SEP STRING
+
+# math
+math -b hex 4096 # output dec as hex
+math 0x1000 # output hex as dec
+math "log2(1024)" # call functions
+math -s0 7/3 # integer division (by default float)
+
+# status
+status -f # abs path of current file
+```
+
+## Keymaps
+```text
+ Shift-Tab .............. tab-completion with search
+ Alt-Up / Alt-Down ...... search history with token under the cursor
+ Alt-l .................. list content of dir under cursor
+ Alt-p .................. append '2>&1 | less;' to current cmdline
+ Alt-Left / Alt - Right . prevd / nextd, walk dir history
+```
+
+## Debug
+```text
+ status print-stack-trace .. prints function stacktrace (can be used in scripts)
+ breakpoint ................ halt script execution and gives shell (C-d | exit
+ to continue)
+```