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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/git.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> time</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/ld.so.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a 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html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 id="ldso8"><a class="header" href="#ldso8">ld.so(8)</a></h1>
<h2 id="environment-variables"><a class="header" href="#environment-variables">Environment Variables</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-console"> LD_PRELOAD=<l_so> colon separated list of libso's to be pre loaded
LD_DEBUG=<opts> comma separated list of debug options
=help list available options
=libs show library search path
=files processing of input files
=symbols show search path for symbol lookup
=bindings show against which definition a symbol is bound
</code></pre>
<h3 id="ld_library_path-and-dlopen3"><a class="header" href="#ld_library_path-and-dlopen3">LD_LIBRARY_PATH and dlopen(3)</a></h3>
<p>When dynamically loading a shared library during program runtime with
<code>dlopen(3)</code>, only the <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code> as it was during program startup is
evaluated.
Therefore the following is a code smell:</p>
<pre><code class="language-c">// at startup LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/moose
// Assume /foo/libbar.so
setenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", "/foo", true /* overwrite */);
// Will look in /moose and NOT in /foo.
dlopen("libbar.so", RTLD_LAZY);
</code></pre>
<h2 id="ld_preload-initialization-order-and-link-map"><a class="header" href="#ld_preload-initialization-order-and-link-map">LD_PRELOAD: Initialization Order and Link Map</a></h2>
<p>Libraries specified in <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> are loaded from <code>left-to-right</code> but
initialized from <code>right-to-left</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-markdown"> > ldd ./main
>> libc.so.6 => /usr/lib/libc.so.6
> LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
-->
preloaded in this order
<--
initialized in this order
</code></pre>
<p>The preload order determines:</p>
<ul>
<li>the order libraries are inserted into the <code>link map</code></li>
<li>the initialization order for libraries</li>
</ul>
<p>For the example listed above the resulting <code>link map</code> will look like the
following:</p>
<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
| main | -> | liba | -> | libb | -> | libc |
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
</code></pre>
<p>This can be seen when running with <code>LD_DEBUG=files</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> > LD_DEBUG=files LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
# load order (-> determines link map)
>> file=liba.so [0]; generating link map
>> file=libb.so [0]; generating link map
>> file=libc.so.6 [0]; generating link map
# init order
>> calling init: /usr/lib/libc.so.6
>> calling init: <path>/libb.so
>> calling init: <path>/liba.so
>> initialize program: ./main
</code></pre>
<p>To verify the <code>link map</code> order we let <code>ld.so</code> resolve the <code>memcpy(3)</code> libc
symbol (used in <em>main</em>) dynamically, while enabling <code>LD_DEBUG=symbols,bindings</code>
to see the resolving in action.</p>
<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> > LD_DEBUG=symbols,bindings LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=./main [0]
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=<path>/liba.so [0]
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=<path>/libb.so [0]
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=/usr/lib/libc.so.6 [0]
>> binding file ./main [0] to /usr/lib/libc.so.6 [0]: normal symbol `memcpy' [GLIBC_2.14]
</code></pre>
<h2 id="dynamic-linking-x86_64"><a class="header" href="#dynamic-linking-x86_64">Dynamic Linking (x86_64)</a></h2>
<p>Dynamic linking basically works via one indirect jump. It uses a combination of
function trampolines (<code>.plt</code> section) and a function pointer table (<code>.got.plt</code>
section).
On the first call the trampoline sets up some metadata and then jumps to the
<code>ld.so</code> runtime resolve function, which in turn patches the table with the
correct function pointer.</p>
<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> .plt ....... procedure linkage table, contains function trampolines, usually
located in code segment (rx permission)
.got.plt ... global offset table for .plt, holds the function pointer table
</code></pre>
<p>Using <code>radare2</code> we can analyze this in more detail:</p>
<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> [0x00401040]> pd 4 @ section..got.plt
;-- section..got.plt:
;-- .got.plt: ; [22] -rw- section size 32 named .got.plt
;-- _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_:
[0] 0x00404000 .qword 0x0000000000403e10 ; section..dynamic
[1] 0x00404008 .qword 0x0000000000000000
; CODE XREF from section..plt @ +0x6
[2] 0x00404010 .qword 0x0000000000000000
;-- reloc.puts:
; CODE XREF from sym.imp.puts @ 0x401030
[3] 0x00404018 .qword 0x0000000000401036 ; RELOC 64 puts
[0x00401040]> pd 6 @ section..plt
;-- section..plt:
;-- .plt: ; [12] -r-x section size 32 named .plt
┌─> 0x00401020 ff35e22f0000 push qword [0x00404008]
╎ 0x00401026 ff25e42f0000 jmp qword [0x00404010]
╎ 0x0040102c 0f1f4000 nop dword [rax]
┌ 6: int sym.imp.puts (const char *s);
└ ╎ 0x00401030 ff25e22f0000 jmp qword [reloc.puts]
╎ 0x00401036 6800000000 push 0
└─< 0x0040103b e9e0ffffff jmp sym..plt
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>At address <code>0x00401030</code> in the <code>.plt</code> section we see the indirect jump for
<code>puts</code> using the function pointer in <code>_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_[3] (GOT)</code>.</li>
<li><code>GOT[3]</code> initially points to instruction after the <code>puts</code> trampoline
<code>0x00401036</code>.</li>
<li>This pushes the relocation index <code>0</code> and then jumps to the first trampoline
<code>0x00401020</code>.</li>
<li>The first trampoline jumps to <code>GOT[2]</code> which will be filled at program
startup by the <code>ld.so</code> with its resolve function.</li>
<li>The <code>ld.so</code> resolve function fixes the relocation referenced by the
relocation index pushed by the <code>puts</code> trampoline.</li>
<li>The relocation entry at index <code>0</code> tells the resolve function which symbol to
search for and where to put the function pointer:
<pre><code class="language-makrdown"> > readelf -r <main>
>> Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0x4b8 contains 1 entry:
>> Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
>> 000000404018 000200000007 R_X86_64_JUMP_SLO 0000000000000000 puts@GLIBC_2.2.5 + 0
</code></pre>
As we can see the offset from relocation at index <code>0</code> points to <code>GOT[3]</code>.</li>
</ul>
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