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# Profile guided optimization (pgo)
`pgo` is an optimization technique to optimize a program for its usual
workload.
It is applied in two phases:
1. Collect profiling data (best with representative benchmarks).
1. Optimize program based on collected profiling data.
The following simple program is used as demonstrator.
```c
#include <stdio.h>
#define NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
NOINLINE void foo() { puts("foo()"); }
NOINLINE void bar() { puts("bar()"); }
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc == 2) {
foo();
} else {
bar();
}
}
```
## clang
On the actual machine with `clang 15.0.7`, the following code is generated for
the `main()` function.
```x86asm
# clang -o test test.c -O3
0000000000001160 <main>:
1160: 50 push rax
; Jump if argc != 2.
1161: 83 ff 02 cmp edi,0x2
1164: 75 09 jne 116f <main+0xf>
; foor() is on the hot path (fall-through).
1166: e8 d5 ff ff ff call 1140 <_Z3foov>
116b: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
116d: 59 pop rcx
116e: c3 ret
; bar() is on the cold path (branch).
116f: e8 dc ff ff ff call 1150 <_Z3barv>
1174: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
1176: 59 pop rcx
1177: c3 ret
```
The following shows how to compile with profiling instrumentation and how to
optimize the final program with the collected profiling data ([llvm
pgo][llvm-pgo]).
The arguments to `./test` are chosen such that `9/10` runs call `bar()`, which
is currently on the `cold path`.
```bash
# Compile test program with profiling instrumentation.
clang -o test test.cc -O3 -fprofile-instr-generate
# Collect profiling data from multiple runs.
for i in {0..10}; do
LLVM_PROFILE_FILE="prof.clang/%p.profraw" ./test $(seq 0 $i)
done
# Merge raw profiling data into single profile data.
llvm-profdata merge -o pgo.profdata prof.clang/*.profraw
# Optimize test program with profiling data.
clang -o test test.cc -O3 -fprofile-use=pgo.profdata
```
> NOTE: If `LLVM_PROFILE_FILE` is not given the profile data is written to
> `default.profraw` which is re-written on each run. If the `LLVM_PROFILE_FILE`
> contains a `%m` in the filename, a unique integer will be generated and
> consecutive runs will update the same generated profraw file,
> `LLVM_PROFILE_FILE` can specify a new file every time, however that requires
> more storage in general.
After optimizing the program with the profiling data, the `main()` function
looks as follows.
```x86asm
0000000000001060 <main>:
1060: 50 push rax
; Jump if argc == 2.
1061: 83 ff 02 cmp edi,0x2
1064: 74 09 je 106f <main+0xf>
; bar() is on the hot path (fall-through).
1066: e8 e5 ff ff ff call 1050 <_Z3barv>
106b: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
106d: 59 pop rcx
106e: c3 ret
; foo() is on the cold path (branch).
106f: e8 cc ff ff ff call 1040 <_Z3foov>
1074: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
1076: 59 pop rcx
1077: c3 ret
```
## gcc
With `gcc 13.2.1` on the current machine, the optimizer puts `bar()` on the
`hot path` by default.
```x86asm
0000000000001040 <main>:
1040: 48 83 ec 08 sub rsp,0x8
; Jump if argc == 2.
1044: 83 ff 02 cmp edi,0x2
1047: 74 0c je 1055 <main+0x15>
; bar () is on the hot path (fall-through).
1049: e8 22 01 00 00 call 1170 <_Z3barv>
104e: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
1050: 48 83 c4 08 add rsp,0x8
1054: c3 ret
; foo() is on the cold path (branch).
1055: e8 06 01 00 00 call 1160 <_Z3foov>
105a: eb f2 jmp 104e <main+0xe>
105c: 0f 1f 40 00 nop DWORD PTR [rax+0x0]
```
The following shows how to compile with profiling instrumentation and how to
optimize the final program with the collected profiling data.
The arguments to `./test` are chosen such that `2/3` runs call `foo()`, which
is currently on the `cold path`.
```bash
gcc -o test test.cc -O3 -fprofile-generate
./test 1
./test 1
./test 2 2
gcc -o test test.cc -O3 -fprofile-use
```
> NOTE: Consecutive runs update the generated `test.gcda` profile data file
> rather than re-write it.
After optimizing the program with the profiling data, the `main()` function
```x86asm
0000000000001040 <main.cold>:
; bar() is on the cold path (branch).
1040: e8 05 00 00 00 call 104a <_Z3barv>
1045: e9 25 00 00 00 jmp 106f <main+0xf>
0000000000001060 <main>:
1060: 51 push rcx
; Jump if argc != 2.
1061: 83 ff 02 cmp edi,0x2
1064: 0f 85 d6 ff ff ff jne 1040 <main.cold>
; for() is on the hot path (fall-through).
106a: e8 11 01 00 00 call 1180 <_Z3foov>
106f: 31 c0 xor eax,eax
1071: 5a pop rdx
1072: c3 ret
```
[llvm-pgo]: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/UsersManual.html#profile-guided-optimization
|
