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# ld.so(8)
## Environment variables
```console
LD_PRELOAD=<l_so> colon separated list of libso's to be pre loaded
LD_DEBUG=<opts> comman separated list of debug options
=help list available options
=libs show library search path
=files processing of input files
=symbols show search path for symbol lookup
=bindings show against which definition a symbol is bound
```
## LD_PRELOAD load & init order
```markdown
> ldd ./main
>> libc.so.6 => /usr/lib/libc.so.6
> LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
-->
preloaded in this order
<--
initialized in this order
- preload order determines the order libs are inserted into the link map
- resulting link map:
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
| main | -> | liba | -> | libb | -> | libc |
+------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
- see preload and init order in action
> LD_DEBUG=files LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
# load order (-> determines link map)
>> file=liba.so [0]; generating link map
>> file=libb.so [0]; generating link map
>> file=libc.so.6 [0]; generating link map
# init order
>> calling init: /usr/lib/libc.so.6
>> calling init: <path>/libb.so
>> calling init: <path>/liba.so
>> initialize program: ./main
- see the symbol lookup in action and therefore the link map order
> LD_DEBUG=symbols,bindings LD_PRELOAD=liba.so:libb.so ./main
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=./main [0]
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=<path>/liba.so [0]
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=<path>/libb.so [0]
>> symbol=memcpy; lookup in file=/usr/lib/libc.so.6 [0]
>> binding file ./main [0] to /usr/lib/libc.so.6 [0]: normal symbol
`memcpy' [GLIBC_2.14]
```
## dynamic linking (x86_64)
```makrdown
- dynamic linking basically works via one indirect jump. It uses a
combination of function trampolines (.plt) and a function pointer table
(.got.plt). On the first call the trampoline sets up some metadata and
then jumps to the ld.so runtime resolve function, which in turn patches
the table with the correct function pointer.
.plt ....... contains function trampolines, usually located in code
segment (rx permission)
.got.plt ... hold the function pointer table
- following r2 dump shows this
- [0x00401030] indirect jump for 'puts' using function pointer in
_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_[3]
- initially points to instruction behind 'puts' trampoline [0x00401036]
- this pushes relocation index and then jumps to the first trampoline
[0x00401020]
- the first trampoline jumps to _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_[2] which will be
filled at program startup by the ld.so with its resolve function
- the resolve function fixes the relocation referenced by the
relocation index pushed by the 'puts' trampoline
- the relocation entry tells the resolve function which symbol to
search for and where to put the function pointer
> readelf -r <main>
>> Relocation section '.rela.plt' at offset 0x4b8 contains 1 entry:
>> Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
>> 000000404018 000200000007 R_X86_64_JUMP_SLO 0000000000000000 puts@GLIBC_2.2.5 + 0
- offset points to _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_[3]
[0x00401040]> pd 4 @ section..got.plt
;-- section..got.plt:
;-- .got.plt: ; [22] -rw- section size 32 named .got.plt
;-- _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_:
0x00404000 .qword 0x0000000000403e10 ; section..dynamic ; obj._DYNAMIC
0x00404008 .qword 0x0000000000000000
; CODE XREF from section..plt @ +0x6
0x00404010 .qword 0x0000000000000000
;-- reloc.puts:
; CODE XREF from sym.imp.puts @ 0x401030
0x00404018 .qword 0x0000000000401036 ; RELOC 64 puts
[0x00401040]> pd 6 @ section..plt
;-- section..plt:
;-- .plt: ; [12] -r-x section size 32 named .plt
┌─> 0x00401020 ff35e22f0000 push qword [0x00404008]
╎ 0x00401026 ff25e42f0000 jmp qword [0x00404010]
╎ 0x0040102c 0f1f4000 nop dword [rax]
┌ 6: int sym.imp.puts (const char *s);
└ ╎ 0x00401030 ff25e22f0000 jmp qword [reloc.puts]
╎ 0x00401036 6800000000 push 0
└─< 0x0040103b e9e0ffffff jmp sym..plt
```
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