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# git(1)
## Working areas
```text
+-------------------+ --- stash -----> +-------+
| working directory | | stash | // Shelving area.
+-------------------+ <-- stash pop -- +-------+
| ^
add |
| reset
v |
+-------------------+
| staging area |
+-------------------+
|
commit
|
v
+-------------------+
| local repository |
+-------------------+
| ^
push |
| fetch /
| pull
v |
+-------------------+
| remote repository |
+-------------------+
```
## Staging
```markdown
git add -p [<file>] ............ partial staging (interactive)
```
## Remote
```markdown
git remote -v .................. list remotes verbose (with URLs)
git remote show [-n] <remote> .. list info for <remote> (like remote HEAD,
remote branches, tracking mapping)
```
## Branching
```markdown
git branch [-a] ................ list available branches; -a to include
remote branches
git branch -vv ................. list branch & annotate with head sha1 &
remote tracking branch
git branch <bname> ............. create local branch with name <bname>
git branch -d <bname> .......... delete local branch with name <bname>
git checkout <bname> ........... switch to branch with name <bname>
git checkout --track <branch> .. start to locally track a remote branch
git branch --unset-upstream .... unset remote tracking branch
# Remote
git push -u origin <rbname> ........ push local branch to origin (or other
remote), and setup <rbname> as tracking
branch
git push origin --delete <rbname> .. delete branch <rbname> from origin (or
other remote)
```
## Tags
```markdown
git tag -a <tname> -m "descr" ........ creates an annotated tag (full object
containing tagger, date, ...)
git tag -l ........................... list available tags
git checkout tag/<tname> ............. checkout specific tag
git checkout tag/<tname> -b <bname> .. checkout specific tag in a new branch
# Remote
git push origin --tags .... push local tags to origin (or other remote)
```
## Merging
```markdown
git merge [opt] <commit> .... integrate changes from <commit> since
opt: current branch and <commit> diverged
--squash ................ merge all commits into a single one
--no-commit ............. dont generate commit if the merge succeeds
git merge-base <commit> <commit>
get the common ancestor, since both commits diverged
git rebase -i <upstream> .... interactively rebase on <upstream>, also supports actions
like squashing, editing, rewording, etc of commits
git cherry-pick <commit> .... apply commit on current branch
```
## Worktree
Worktrees allow to maintain multiple working trees in the filesystem linked to
the same repository (shared .git folder).
```markdown
git worktree add <path> .............. create a tree at <path> with a new branch
checked out (bname is basename of <path>)
git worktree add <path> <bname> ...... create a tree at <path> from existing <bname>
git worktree list .................... list existing work trees
git worktree remove <tree> ........... remove work tree
git worktree prune ................... remove stale bookkeeping files
```
## Log & Commit History
```markdown
git log --oneline ......... shows log in single line per commit -> alias for
'--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit'
git log --graph ........... text based graph of commit history
git log --decorate ........ decorate log with REFs
git log -p <file> ......... show commit history + diffs for <file>
git log --oneline <file> .. show commit history for <file> in compact format
```
## Diff & Commit Info
```markdown
git diff <commit>..<commit> [<file>] .... show changes between two arbitrary
commits. If one <commit> is omitted
it is if HEAD is specified.
git diff -U$(wc -l <file>) <file> ....... shows complete file with diffs
instead of usual diff snippets
git diff --staged ....................... show diffs of staged files
git show --stat <commit> ................ show files changed by <commit>
git show <commit> [<file>] .............. show diffs for <commit>
git show <commit>:<file> ................ show <file> at <commit>
```
## Patching
```markdown
git format-patch <opt> <since>/<revision range>
opt:
-N ................... use [PATCH] instead [PATCH n/m] in subject when
generating patch description (for patches spanning
multiple commits)
--start-number <n> ... start output file generation with <n> as start
number instead '1'
since spcifier:
-3 .................. e.g: create a patch from last three commits
<commit hash> ....... create patch with commits starting after <commit hash>
git am <patch> ......... apply patch and create a commit for it
git apply --stat <PATCH> ... see which files the patch would change
git apply --check <PATCH> .. see if the patch can be applied cleanly
git apply [-3] <PATCH> ..... apply the patch locally without creating a commit,
if the patch does not cleanly apply -3 allows for
a 3-way merge
# eg: generate patches for each commit from initial commit on
git format-patch -N $(git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD)
# generate single patch file from a certain commit/ref
git format-patch <COMMIT/REF> --stdout > my-patch.patch
```
## Resetting
```markdown
git reset [opt] <ref|commit>
opt:
--mixed .................... resets index, but not working tree
--hard ..................... matches the working tree and index to that
of the tree being switched to any changes to
tracked files in the working tree since
<commit> are lost
git reset HEAD <file> .......... remove file from staging
git reset --soft HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit but keep work
git reset --hard HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit and delete work
```
## Submodules
```markdown
git submodule add <url> [<path>] .......... add new submodule to current project
git clone --recursive <url> ............... clone project and recursively all
submodules (same as using
'git submodule update --init
--recursive' after clone)
git submodule update --init --recursive ... checkout submodules recursively
using the commit listed in the
super-project (in detached HEAD)
git submodule update --remote <submod> .... fetch & merge remote changes for
<submod>, this will pull
origin/HEAD or a branch specified
for the submodule
git diff --submodule ...................... show commits that are part of the
submodule diff
```
## Inspection
```markdown
git ls-tree [-r] <ref> .... show git tree for <ref>, -r to recursively ls sub-trees
git show <obj> ............ show <obj>
git cat-file -p <obj> ..... print content of <obj>
```
## Revision Specifier
```markdown
HEAD ........ last commit
HEAD~1 ...... last commit-1
HEAD~N ...... last commit-N (linear backwards when in tree structure, check
difference between HEAD^ and HEAD~)
git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD ........... first commit
```
|
