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                <ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../intro.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Tools</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/zsh.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> zsh</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/bash.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> bash</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/fish.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> fish</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/tmux.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> tmux</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/git.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> git</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/awk.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> awk</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/emacs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> emacs</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/gpg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> gpg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/gdb.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> gdb</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/gdbserver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> gdbserver</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/radare2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> radare2</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/qemu.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> qemu</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/pacman.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> pacman</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/dot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> dot</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/ffmpeg.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.15.</strong> ffmpeg</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/column.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.16.</strong> column</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/sort.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.17.</strong> sort</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/sed.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.18.</strong> sed</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../tools/gnuplot.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.19.</strong> gnuplot</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Resource analysis & monitor</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/lsof.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> lsof</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/ss.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> ss</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/pidstat.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> pidstat</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/pgrep.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> pgrep</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/ps.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> ps</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/pmap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> pmap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../monitor/pstack.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> pstack</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Trace and Profile</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/time.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> time</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/strace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> strace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/ltrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> ltrace</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/perf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> perf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/oprofile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> OProfile</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../trace_profile/callgrind.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> callgrind</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Binary</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/od.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> od</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/xxd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> xxd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/readelf.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> readelf</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/objdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.4.</strong> objdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../binary/nm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.5.</strong> nm</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Development</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++filt.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> c++filt</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/c++.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> c++</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/glibc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.3.</strong> glibc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.4.</strong> gcc</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/cmake.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.5.</strong> cmake</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/make.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.6.</strong> make</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/ld.so.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.7.</strong> ld.so</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/symbolver.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.8.</strong> symbol versioning</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/python.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.9.</strong> python</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/gcov.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.10.</strong> gcov</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../development/pgo.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.11.</strong> pgo</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Linux</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/systemd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> systemd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/coredump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> coredump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/ptrace_scope.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.3.</strong> ptrace_scope</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/cryptsetup.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.4.</strong> cryptsetup</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/swap.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.5.</strong> swap</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.6.</strong> input</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/acl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.7.</strong> acl</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../linux/zfs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.8.</strong> zfs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Network</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/tcpdump.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> tcpdump</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/tshark.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.2.</strong> tshark</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/firewall-cmd.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.3.</strong> firewall-cmd</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../network/nftables.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.4.</strong> nftables</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/html.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.1.</strong> html</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/css.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.2.</strong> css</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../web/chartjs.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">8.3.</strong> chartjs</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.</strong> Arch</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/x86_64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.1.</strong> x86_64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/arm64.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.2.</strong> arm64</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/armv7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.3.</strong> armv7</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../arch/riscv.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">9.4.</strong> riscv</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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                        <h1 id="git1"><a class="header" href="#git1">git(1)</a></h1>
<h2 id="working-areas"><a class="header" href="#working-areas">Working areas</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-text">+-------------------+ --- stash -----&gt; +-------+
| working directory |                  | stash |  // Shelving area.
+-------------------+ &lt;-- stash pop -- +-------+
      |       ^
     add      |
      |     reset
      v       |
+-------------------+
|   staging area    |
+-------------------+
      |
    commit
      |
      v
+-------------------+
| local repository  |
+-------------------+
      |       ^
     push     |
      |     fetch /
      |      pull
      v       |
+-------------------+
| remote repository |
+-------------------+
</code></pre>
<h2 id="config"><a class="header" href="#config">Config</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git config --list --show-origin ..... list currently set configs and where
                                        they are coming from
  git --edit [--global] ............... open config in editor (local or global)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="clean"><a class="header" href="#clean">Clean</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git clean -X ......... remove only ignored files (-n for dry run)
  git clean -f -d -x ... remove untracked &amp; ignored files / folders
  git clean -e &lt;pat&gt; ... exclude pattern from deletion
</code></pre>
<h2 id="staging"><a class="header" href="#staging">Staging</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git add -p [&lt;file&gt;] ............ partial staging (interactive)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="remote"><a class="header" href="#remote">Remote</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git remote -v .................. list remotes verbose (with URLs)
  git remote show [-n] &lt;remote&gt; .. list info for &lt;remote&gt; (like remote HEAD,
                                   remote branches, tracking mapping)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="branching"><a class="header" href="#branching">Branching</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git branch [-a] ................ list available branches; -a to include
                                   remote branches
  git branch -vv ................. list branch &amp; annotate with head sha1 &amp;
                                   remote tracking branch
  git branch &lt;bname&gt; ............. create local branch with name &lt;bname&gt;
  git branch -d &lt;bname&gt; .......... delete local branch with name &lt;bname&gt;
  git checkout &lt;bname&gt; ........... switch to branch with name &lt;bname&gt;
  git checkout --track &lt;branch&gt; .. start to locally track a remote branch
  git branch --unset-upstream .... unset remote tracking branch

  # Remote

  git push -u origin &lt;rbname&gt; ........ push local branch to origin (or other
                                       remote), and setup &lt;rbname&gt; as tracking
                                       branch
  git push origin --delete &lt;rbname&gt; .. delete branch &lt;rbname&gt; from origin (or
                                       other remote)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="update-local-from-remote"><a class="header" href="#update-local-from-remote">Update local from remote</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git fetch --prune .................. update all remote references and
                                       remove delete non-existing ones
                                       (does not merge into local tracking branch)
  git pull [--rebase] ................ fetch remote references and merge into
                                       local tracking branch (fast-forward by default).
                                       Optionally rebase local tracking branch
                                       on-top of remote branch (in case local
                                       branch has additional commits compared to remote branch).
</code></pre>
<h2 id="tags"><a class="header" href="#tags">Tags</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git tag -a &lt;tname&gt; -m "descr" ........ creates an annotated tag (full object
                                         containing tagger, date, ...)
  git tag -l ........................... list available tags
  git checkout tag/&lt;tname&gt; ............. checkout specific tag
  git checkout tag/&lt;tname&gt; -b &lt;bname&gt; .. checkout specific tag in a new branch

  # Remote

  git push origin --tags .... push local tags to origin (or other remote)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="merging"><a class="header" href="#merging">Merging</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git merge [opt] &lt;commit&gt; .... integrate changes from &lt;commit&gt; since
    opt:                        current branch and &lt;commit&gt; diverged
      --squash ................ merge all commits into a single one
      --no-commit ............. dont generate commit if the merge succeeds

  git merge-base &lt;commit&gt; &lt;commit&gt;
                                get the common ancestor, since both commits diverged

  git rebase -i &lt;upstream&gt; .... interactively rebase on &lt;upstream&gt;, also supports actions
                                like squashing, editing, rewording, etc of commits

  git cherry-pick &lt;commit&gt; .... apply commit on current branch
</code></pre>
<h2 id="worktree"><a class="header" href="#worktree">Worktree</a></h2>
<p>Worktrees allow to maintain multiple working trees in the filesystem linked to
the same repository (shared .git folder).</p>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git worktree add &lt;path&gt; .............. create a tree at &lt;path&gt; with a new branch
                                         checked out (bname is basename of &lt;path&gt;)
  git worktree add &lt;path&gt; &lt;bname&gt; ...... create a tree at &lt;path&gt; from existing &lt;bname&gt;
  git worktree list .................... list existing work trees
  git worktree remove &lt;tree&gt; ........... remove work tree
  git worktree prune ................... remove stale bookkeeping files
</code></pre>
<h2 id="log--commit-history"><a class="header" href="#log--commit-history">Log &amp; Commit History</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git log --oneline ......... shows log in single line per commit -&gt; alias for
                              '--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit'
  git log --graph ........... text based graph of commit history
  git log --decorate ........ decorate log with REFs

  git log -p &lt;file&gt; ......... show commit history + diffs for &lt;file&gt;
  git log --oneline &lt;file&gt; .. show commit history for &lt;file&gt; in compact format
</code></pre>
<h2 id="diff--commit-info"><a class="header" href="#diff--commit-info">Diff &amp; Commit Info</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git diff &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt; [&lt;file&gt;] .... show changes between two arbitrary
                                            commits. If one &lt;commit&gt; is omitted
                                            it is if HEAD is specified.
  git diff --name-only &lt;commit&gt;..&lt;commit&gt; . show names of files changed
  git diff -U$(wc -l &lt;file&gt;) &lt;file&gt; ....... shows complete file with diffs
                                            instead of usual diff snippets
  git diff --staged ....................... show diffs of staged files

  git show --stat &lt;commit&gt; ................ show files changed by &lt;commit&gt;
  git show &lt;commit&gt; [&lt;file&gt;] .............. show diffs for &lt;commit&gt;

  git show &lt;commit&gt;:&lt;file&gt; ................ show &lt;file&gt; at &lt;commit&gt;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="patching"><a class="header" href="#patching">Patching</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git format-patch &lt;opt&gt; &lt;since&gt;/&lt;revision range&gt;
    opt:
      -N ................... use [PATCH] instead [PATCH n/m] in subject when
                             generating patch description (for patches spanning
                             multiple commits)
      --start-number &lt;n&gt; ... start output file generation with &lt;n&gt; as start
                             number instead '1'
    since spcifier:
      -3 .................. e.g: create a patch from last three commits
      &lt;commit hash&gt; ....... create patch with commits starting after &lt;commit hash&gt;

  git am &lt;patch&gt; ......... apply patch and create a commit for it

  git apply --stat &lt;PATCH&gt; ... see which files the patch would change
  git apply --check &lt;PATCH&gt; .. see if the patch can be applied cleanly
  git apply [-3] &lt;PATCH&gt; ..... apply the patch locally without creating a commit,
                               if the patch does not cleanly apply -3 allows for
                               a 3-way merge

  # eg: generate patches for each commit from initial commit on
  git format-patch -N $(git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD)

  # generate single patch file from a certain commit/ref
  git format-patch &lt;COMMIT/REF&gt; --stdout &gt; my-patch.patch
</code></pre>
<h2 id="resetting"><a class="header" href="#resetting">Resetting</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git reset [opt] &lt;ref|commit&gt;
    opt:
      --mixed .................... resets index, but not working tree
      --hard ..................... matches the working tree and index to that
                                   of the tree being switched to any changes to
                                   tracked files in the working tree since
                                   &lt;commit&gt; are lost
  git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt; .......... remove file from staging
  git reset --soft HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit but keep work
  git reset --hard HEAD~1 ........ delete most recent commit and delete work
</code></pre>
<h2 id="submodules"><a class="header" href="#submodules">Submodules</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git submodule add &lt;url&gt; [&lt;path&gt;] .......... add new submodule to current project
  git clone --recursive &lt;url&gt; ............... clone project and recursively all
                                              submodules (same as using
                                              'git submodule update --init
                                              --recursive' after clone)
  git submodule update --init --recursive ... checkout submodules recursively
                                              using the commit listed in the
                                              super-project (in detached HEAD)
  git submodule update --remote &lt;submod&gt; .... fetch &amp; merge remote changes for
                                              &lt;submod&gt;, this will pull
                                              origin/HEAD or a branch specified
                                              for the submodule
  git diff --submodule ...................... show commits that are part of the
                                              submodule diff
</code></pre>
<h2 id="inspection"><a class="header" href="#inspection">Inspection</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  git ls-tree [-r] &lt;ref&gt; .... show git tree for &lt;ref&gt;, -r to recursively ls sub-trees
  git show &lt;obj&gt; ............ show &lt;obj&gt;
  git cat-file -p &lt;obj&gt; ..... print content of &lt;obj&gt;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="revision-specifier"><a class="header" href="#revision-specifier">Revision Specifier</a></h2>
<pre><code class="language-markdown">  HEAD ........ last commit
  HEAD~1 ...... last commit-1
  HEAD~N ...... last commit-N (linear backwards when in tree structure, check
                difference between HEAD^ and HEAD~)
  git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD ........... first commit
</code></pre>

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